I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with several years of experience providing trauma-informed therapy. My work mainly focuses on helping clients understand and manage the effects of trauma, chronic stress, and overwhelming life events. As a military spouse, I have firsthand insight into how prolonged uncertainty, transitions, and cumulative stress impact individuals, which informs my compassionate and grounded approach to care. I use evidence-based, trauma-focused methods to help clients develop emotional regulation, boost self-awareness, and regain safety and stability. Many clients face anxiety, relationship issues, hypervigilance, emotional numbness, or trauma-related patterns. Therapy is a collaborative process, carefully paced to let clients participate comfortably without feeling rushed or overwhelmed. Earlier in my career, I mainly worked with children and adolescents. Currently, I focus on supporting adults and couples, while still working with teen clients. This experience helps me understand how early experiences, attachment styles, and relationship dynamics can affect current functioning and relationships. I am dedicated to fostering a supportive and respectful therapeutic environment where clients can freely explore their experiences, acquire practical coping skills, and progress toward healing at a pace that feels safe and sustainable.

Accepting new clients. Yes, life can feel overwhelming—whether you're dealing with anxiety, depression, relationship struggles, or just feeling stuck. If you're looking for support, you're not alone. I provide a warm, judgment-free, and safe space where you can explore your thoughts and feelings, and I will assist you in developing healthy coping strategies and tools to move forward. Together, we’ll work toward greater clarity, self-compassion, and a life that feels more aligned with who you are. I work with adults and couples, utilizing CBT and Family Systems to support meaningful and lasting change. My approach combines empathy, structure, and practical tools to help you understand patterns, strengthen relationships, and move forward with clarity. If you're feeling stuck or ready for change, I'm here to support you with compassion and practical tools. I’m currently accepting new clients and offer telehealth, as well as evening and weekend sessions to fit your schedule. Reach out when you’re ready—I’d be honored to support you on your path forward.

Hi, I’m Brian Mitchell. I’m a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, but more importantly, I’m a dedicated partner in your healing. I specialize in helping people navigate trauma and PTSD through a lens of safety and genuine support. Whether we use EMDR, CBT, Somatic, or mindfulness, my approach is never "one size fits all"—it’s tailored entirely to your unique story. I entered this field to help marginalized voices find their strength and advocacy. My goal is to create a space where you feel heard, empowered, and equipped with the tools to build a better path forward.

Hello, I'm Yessica Lawson, a dedicated BIPOC Mental Health Therapist. With profound respect for diverse backgrounds, I provide a safe space for healing and growth. Specializing in culturally sensitive approaches, I am committed to fostering resilience and empowering individuals to navigate their unique mental health journey. Let's embark on this path together, embracing the strength within our shared narratives. Whether you are struggling with life changes, depression or mood disorders, grief, or relationship issues I am here to help.

Hello, I am currently a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Indiana. I received my master's degree from Indiana Wesleyan University in 2020. Prior to receiving my master's degree, I was a Licensed Practical Nurse in pediatrics. I have a passion for helping others and assisting them in making positive changes in their lives. I have experience in working with children and adolescents suffering from anxiety, depression, attachment issues, ADHD, ODD, trauma, and conduct disorders. I have experience in a variety of treatment methods such as CBT, DBT, solution focused, strength-based, and play therapy.

I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) based and licensed in Indiana but also licensed in Washington State. I received my Masters from Indiana University and have been practicing for 29 years in multiple settings. I work with adults struggling with depression, anxiety, trauma, aging, life changes, transition and adjustment across the life-span. I utilize several modalities in therapy but am goal focused to help clients find the balance they are seeking with new tools for now and in the future.

Hello and Welcome! My therapy style is fairly structured. I use worksheets, texts, and workbooks as tools along with multiple therapy models to assist my clients to achieve a happier, more fulfilling life. I have experience in a variety of areas in the field including child and family services, crisis stabilization, survivor trauma, schools, probation and court ordered services. My passion is to help my clients achieve their goals and improve their daily functioning. I am happy to work with individuals, families, couples, and teens. I am licensed in Indiana and Kentucky. "There is nothing impossible for those who will try" -Alexander the Great I also like inspirational quotes and a really good belly laugh!😀

Hello. I am a licensed mental health counselor in Indiana and a licensed professional counselor in the state of Michigan. I provide office and teletherapy services and specialize in helping individuals overcome the effects of childhood trauma My approach to therapy is eclectic and my goal is to utilize the most effective and appropriate methods to address my clients’ needs.

The LOVE Principle sums up my vocation in trauma work and therapy. L.o.v.e means 4 things: Listen Observe Validate Encourage That's my approach. I connect the dots as to why you feel the way you do and show you how to overcome it and move into freedom. This is backed by my extensive education, work with homeless, addicts and mental ill since 1994.

Hi! I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker based in Indiana. I received my Master's Degree from Indiana University, my Bachelor's Degree from Loyola University-Chicago and have been practicing for 14 years. For 12 years I worked at a Community Mental Health Center where I provided individual and group therapy to adults on an outpatient basis, along with crisis management. I also provided clinical supervision to a team of social workers and mental health counselors. I primarily work with adults who are struggling with stress management, anxiety, depression and past trauma.

I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor in Indiana. I provide a warm, calm, and inviting atmosphere that is conducive to providing a well-rounded approach to therapy. One of my goals consists of helping people understand the “Why” of their situation and address them in a healthy manner. While we can’t change the past, it is my desire to provide you with the knowledge and skills to address, work through, and discover the root cause of the issues or challenges that you are facing. I believe that it is an honor to work with you through your journey to become the best you mentally, emotionally, and spiritually. I provide quality counseling services to individuals, couples, and families. Our goal is to provide effective treatment in order to help individuals address and work through problems and issues that are creating difficulties and challenges in their lives. I also provide telebehavioral health. I specialize in working with anxiety, depression, trauma, stress and many other disorders. My goal is to help you to navigate the different challenges and obstacles that are affecting your life. I would like to assist you in overcoming those challenges while providing a safe and peaceful environment in the process. I also have a Black Labrador Retriver therapy dog that is sometimes is in the office.

Are you feeling stuck and unsure of how to get past symptoms of anxiety, depression or past trauma? It's common to experience mental health-related challenges in life and to get stuck at times. We're not born with a built-in understanding of how to be psychologically healthy, so sometimes it's a good idea to get a little guidance from an unbiased professional. My ideal client is motivated to understand themselves better and to make the necessary adjustments to improve their quality of life.

I bring extensive experience from various settings, including treatment centers, community programs, group therapy, and correctional facilities, where I've had the privilege of working with adolescents, young adults, and adults. My approach is rooted in evidence-based therapies, tailored to support meaningful behavioral changes. I deeply understand the mental health challenges that can emerge from incarceration and the unique stressors that accompany the journey of rebuilding life afterward. I’m also dedicated to supporting the family members and loved ones of those struggling with addiction or incarceration, helping them navigate their own emotional journeys with compassion and care. Additionally, I work closely with parents and families of children with complex behavioral issues, providing guidance and support to help them create a nurturing environment for their child’s growth and well-being. In addition to this, I have experience helping clients through significant life transitions, such as starting a family, navigating college, or going through a divorce. I understand how overwhelming these changes can be and am here to provide empathetic support and practical tools to help my clients find stability and confidence during these times. I’m committed to walking alongside my clients and their families as they navigate these difficult transitions, offering understanding and support every step of the way.

Hello there! My name is Raven and I am the founder of Motive Wellness, LLC. I am a licensed mental health counselor (LMHC), licensed clinical addiction counselor (LCAC), certified clinical trauma professional (CCTP) and a certified alcohol and drug abuse consultant (CADAC II). I have 8 yrs experience in mental health, 5 years in the counselor role. I’ve worked in psychiatric settings, corrections, and rehabilitation centers (kudos to those in recovery!). For starters, congratulations to you and your willingness to give therapy a try. Whether it’s with me or with another wonderful therapist, blessings to you as you start (or continue) your mental health journey. People have different “motives” that bring them to therapy. Maybe you’re the person who carries the world on your shoulders. You could be someone who struggles with finding their voice. Maybe you feel like you’ll never be enough or feel like you have to prove yourself to someone. There could be underlying motives that you may gain clarity on once you start therapy. What ever it may be, you got this. A brand new you is loading…😎

I hold licenses as a clinical social worker and a clinical addiction counselor. My educational background includes a BA in Psychology from Purdue University and a Master's in Social Work from Indiana University (2006). My experience includes 8 years in private practice, 12 years addressing the needs of DCS/probation/court-ordered clients, 7 years in a jail setting (including 6 years as a clinical supervisor), and a role as a clinical director at an addiction recovery center. My experience spans working with first responders, groups, couples, and individuals struggling with addiction, anxiety, depression, PTSD, bipolar disorder, OCD, ADHD, suicidal thoughts, crisis situations, gender issues, adjustment disorder, parenting challenges, stress, self-esteem, codependency, relationship difficulties, and more.

I am a licensed clinical social worker with over 20 years of experience in mental health and social services. I am a wife, mother of three, daughter and sister who enjoys crafting, gardening, and spending time at the beach. I bring curiosity, compassion, and just the right dose of humor to help you feel comfortable being your full, authentic self. My goal is to help you understand your inner world, quiet the inner critic, and build real-life strategies for navigating the chaos. I believe therapy should feel like a safe space where you can exhale, reflect, and build skills to better navigate your day-to-day life. Whether you're juggling work, school, parenting, relationships, or just trying to hold it together—I’m here to help.

Walking with people through life's difficulties and struggles is a privileged, honor, and part of my purpose in life. I commit my life to helping people find their way back to the right paths that they want to be on to live out their purpose. Hi! My name is Lana and I have been a LCSW since 2011. I have experience working with children, adolescents, adults, and families. I specialize in issues of adjustment, trauma, depression, anxiety, crisis, grief, child and adolescent behaviors, and sexual abuse. I also have experience with talking with individuals with mood and personality disorders, PTSD, and issues surrounding divorce. On a more personal level, I enjoy traveling and refer to myself as a coffee connoisseur. I also have two small dogs that think they run the world and like to introduce themselves from time to time in my sessions. I always have a plan but I believe some of life's greatest adventures are in taking the scenic route.

Hello, I’m Suzette, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I work with individuals dealing with anxiety, depression, grief, life changes, and women’s issues. Many of my clients feel overwhelmed, deal with pressure, and are trying to manage relationships and daily responsibilities. I also work with athletes and high-performing individuals who are dealing with confidence, pressure, and the mental side of performance. My style is direct, supportive, and focused. In our work together, we’ll talk through what’s going on, identify what’s getting in the way, and focus on helping you move forward with more clarity and confidence.

Hello! I’m a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) based in Florida and the proud owner of On Point Counseling LLC. I am also licensed in Indiana and in Virginia. I received my Masters degree from Florida International University and have been practicing for over 8 years. I have experience working children, adolescents, and adults. My goal in therapy is to help my clients to improve the quality of their lives.

Hi! I am a LCSW in the state of IN and FL with 24 years experience. I work with adolescents and adults who desire to understand, address, and heal from unhealthy patterns and behaviors that prevent them from living their best life. I also specialize in end of life issues and grief and loss. It is an honor to walk alongside clients to find their true potential.

I am a licensed independent clinical social worker with over 14 years of experience working as a clinician, therapist , and crisis interventionist. I have worked with clients with a wide range of concerns including depression, anxiety, substance use problems, psychosis, and ADHD. I also helped people who have experienced trauma and/or emotional abuse. I would like to clarify my expertise does not include eating disorders, or pornography addiction, although I do understand some of the symptoms and causes. My therapy style is genuine and solution focused.. I believe in treating everyone with respect, sensitivity, and compassion. My approach is dialectical behavioral based with strengths perspective and motivational interviewing. Any treatment plan to meet your needs will be collaborative, timely, and with measurable goals. Usually following the "S.M.A.R.T." goal format. Specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and timely. I have worked extensively in crisis intervention in the agency and on the streets, in hospitals, and in mental health courts and case management agencies, and have managed in this capacity. I also have many years experience related to substance use disorders and have worked as a therapist utilizing primarily Dialectical Behavioral Therapy as my main approach as well as utilizing Cognitive Behavior Therapy . These tools can be modified in a number of ways to help clients achieve their goals . Regardless of any experience, upbringing, current, or past situation, everyone has choices they can make that best serves them and the life they want to live. I look forward to working with you!

I grew up in the Cleveland area and then came to Michigan where I completed my Bachelor's degree at Hope College where I studied social work. While in school I completed a field placement working as a probation officer and spent time in Mental Health and Sobriety Treatment Court. After graduation, my now husband and I moved back to Cleveland where I completed my Masters in Social Work with a specialization in Health Studies at Case Western Reserve University. While in school I completed internships with the Cleveland Clinic in their Adolescent Psychiatric Unit as well as an interdisciplinary internship at Care Alliance. Following graduation, I worked in admissions for psychiatric and detox services for six years. I then wanted to expand my skill set and pursued a position providing therapy to health care employees as an EAP counselor at a local hospital system. I found that I really love the opportunity to get to know my clients and to walk alongside them on their journey.

Hi, I’m Veronica Vaughn, Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I work with adult women who feel emotionally overloaded, overwhelmed by constant overthinking, or unsure how to move forward. Many of my clients are dealing with ongoing worry, self-doubt, relationship concerns, work pressure, life transitions, stress, or trying to keep everything together while carrying more than they show. My style is warm, honest, practical, and steady. I want therapy to feel like a place where you can talk openly, make sense of what has been weighing on you, and begin taking steps that feel realistic for your life.

BQualls Behavioral Health Services, LLC's managing owner and Chief Clinical Officer is Brandi Qualls, a Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor (LCPC) and psychotherapist in private practice in Illinois, and has years of experience working with at-risk youth and families. She is also a Licensed Mental Health Counselor (LMHC) in the state of Indiana, including collaboration with a team of medical doctors, psychologists, psychotherapists, social workers, and community health workers in an integrated primary health care and behavioral health care center in a community setting.

Hey, I'm Nicole! As a therapist, I’m passionate about creating a safe and supportive space where people can feel seen, understood, and empowered. My style is both straightforward and compassionate. I believe in being honest and clear while also holding space with warmth and empathy. My work is guided by the belief that healing happens through connection, compassion, and practical tools that foster growth. I draw from approaches such as a Christian worldview, CBT, DBT, Narrative Therapy, and Brainspotting, tailoring each session to fit your unique needs. Whether you’re navigating trauma, anxiety, depression, or life transitions, I walk alongside you to help uncover strengths, build coping strategies, and create new possibilities for your story. My goal is to support you in finding both resilience and relief—so you can move toward a life that feels more grounded, meaningful, and authentically yours.

Hi, I’m Charity. Taking that first step toward therapy is brave, and I’m here to help. With 12 years of experience in mental health, military and medical care, I use practical tools like CBT to help you manage stress. My goal is to create a compassionate, safe space where you feel heard and fully empowered to make meaningful life changes.

Hello, I am Malissa Hohenstein. I am a dedicated Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) for 20 years providing compassionate, evidence-based therapy to adults (18+) navigating life’s challenges. I specialize in helping individuals overcome anxiety, depression, trauma, and the weight of everyday stress. My approach is rooted in creating a safe, non-judgmental, and trauma-informed space where you can explore your experiences, build resilience, and develop practical tools for lasting change. Whether you are struggling with relationship issues, processing past trauma, or feeling overwhelmed by daily demands, I am here to support you in creating a more fulfilling life. I am a caring provider that you can expect to give you honest and direct answers. I want you to succeed in being the best version of yourself that you can be. I will work with you to help you accomplish your treatment goals, sort through issues and make life changes that help you with your emotional well-being.

Hello, I'm Chase! I am a client-focused mental health therapist interested in helping people in Fort Wayne or online overcome their personal challenges. I am comfortable working with clients on depression, anxiety, trauma, and relationship conflicts. I have experience with a multitude of mental health concerns and I focus on building a trusting therapeutic relationship. I graduated from Huntington University in 2017 with a masters degree and have served people in the field ever since. I am an honest, well-meaning individual who cares for people deeply. I try my best to do the right thing. I have taken an interest in helping people with depression, anxiety, anger, and trauma related concerns.

With years of experience in Private Practice, I have dedicated my career to helping individuals overcome the effects of trauma, anxiety, and depression. I specialize in trauma therapy and am certified in EMDR. I also have years of experience and a heart for those battling with addiction. My approach combines compassion, expertise, and a deep understanding of the neurobiology of trauma. I also integrate cognitive behavioral techniques and mindfulness practice to create comprehensive care. I feel it is important to work collaboratively with my clients by meeting them where they are, and together working to create goals and create a treatment plan tailored to their specific needs. I also help individuals manage daily stress, relationship issues, and grief by weaving in techniques from CBT, DBT, as well as EMDR, while building life, and coping skills.

I'm Kelli Gary, MSW, LCSW. I am licensed in Indiana, Nevada, Colorado and Wyoming and obtained my degree from IUPUI in 2002. I also teach at the college level. I strive to set up a warm, safe environment for client and enjoy working with young adults up to older adults 18+. I specialize in anxiety and depression and I also enjoy working with individuals with vocational stress, life stress, parenting stress and ADHD. I know that feeling overwhelmed and out of control can be scary and frustrating and I strive to help you feel more yourself again and provide the tools for success. I provide tools and strategies to align with your goals. I work mostly with a CBT and Solution focused approach but also acknowledge that therapy is an individual process and needs flexibility in strategies as well.

Greetings! I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker licensed in the state of Indiana. Entering into a counseling relationship can be a scary thing for many people. Some folks are hesitant about therapy, perhaps based on past experiences. Others are considering therapy for the first time and they don’t know what to expect from their counselor nor have any idea of what might be expected of themselves. Whatever your background, I applaud you for taking a first step and inquiring about counseling. I graduated from Plymouth State University in Plymouth, New Hampshire with a Bachelors degree in Social Work. I received my Masters degree is Social Work from the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, PA I have been a practicing Social Worker for approximately 9 years. Expertise-wise, I have worked in many different treatment settings, including hospitals, emergency rooms, outpatient therapy centers, and domestic violence shelters.

Hi, my name is Tishina and I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. For the past eight years, I've had the privilege of helping people navigate trauma, anxiety, depression, PTSD, mood changes, and the challenges that come with everyday problem solving. I became a therapist because therapy changed my life. It helped me heal, find my voice, and believe in myself and now I'm passionate about offering that same support and hope to the people that I work with.

Reaching out for help in the form of therapy is not an easy thing to do as many can attest, but by reading this biography, you are taking the first step in getting help for yourself or a loved one. At times, life offers many struggles and obstacles that can be difficult to overcome alone. Engaging in therapy will provide opportunities to explore and process the thoughts and feelings that prevent you from living your best life. Though the thought of therapy may be intimidating and even nerve-wrecking for some, I believe once a person finds the right therapist, they find a trusting confidant who seeks to understand and problem solve.

Taking the first step toward therapy can feel overwhelming, but you don’t have to do it alone. I specialize in working with children, teens, and adults who are navigating depression, anxiety, or challenges with managing emotions. My goal is to create a safe, nurturing environment where you feel heard, supported, and empowered to make lasting change. Because I believe healing begins with a strong foundation, I focus on building a genuine, supportive relationship with every client. My style is eclectic, and I strive to individualize treatment for each client. I utilize techniques from Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Dialectical Behavior Therapy, Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Solution-Focused Therapy, and Person-Centered Therapy. Together, we will explore your strengths, work through challenges, and create space for growth and new beginnings. If you’re ready for a fresh start, I’d be honored to walk alongside you in your healing journey.

Hello, I am a licensed mental health counselor currently licensed in Florida, Idaho, New Jersey, Nevada, Indiana, Wisconsin, Colorado New Hampshire, South Carolina, and Vermont. I have 10+ years of experience with all ages. I love to do parent training for people who struggle with their children regardless of their mental health, neurological, or developmental condition. My first love is behavior therapy for people with autism however, I have extensive experience in mental health and substance use disorders or all severities.

Grace and hope are at the heart of the work I do. I believe that positive change is possible, and I’m here to help you take meaningful steps toward feeling more balanced and confident in your daily life. I work with adults seeking support for everyday challenges such as stress, life transitions, parenting, and personal growth. My approach is solution-focused, which means we will work together to identify practical tools and strategies you can begin using right away. Whether you are adjusting to a new role, improving communication, or building healthier habits, I aim to provide support that feels both encouraging and effective. For clients who value Christian faith as part of their journey, I also offer the option to incorporate prayer and spiritual practices into our work together. My goal is to create a supportive and focused space where you can build skills, gain clarity, and move forward with confidence. If you are experiencing a mental health emergency call 911 or go to your nearest ER. Should you need intensive therapy lasting longer than 8 weeks due to your specific need, local in person mental health therapy is the best fit for your counseling needs. Likewise, severe and/or frequently severe mental health needs are best served in an in person mental health therapeutic setting. Clients needing intense therapy, court ordered therapy, therapy dealing with legal related issues of any kind, or custody involved therapy are best served by local in person mental health providers and resources.

Hi! I'm a Licensed Clinal Social Worker(LCSW) based in Georgia. I received my Masters from Fordham University and have been in the mental health field for 12 years. I help women and mothers struggling depression , anxiety , postpartum , stress, burn out, being overwhelmed, establishing boundaries and time managements. I women regain control over their lives by learning strategies to cope with the demands of life life and parenting that contribute to high levels of stress, depression , anxiety and burn out.

Hi! I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker based in Indiana. Additionally, I am licensed and practice in Arizona, Massachusetts, and Virginia. I received my Master's from the University of Southern California and I enjoy working with people to help them become the best version of themselves. In a time where the world is full of hate, injustice, pain, and unprecedented challenges and changes, we all need someone to help process our lives. I want to serve as that for as many people as possible.

Hola! I’m a bilingual Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) with more than a decade of experience in mental health, behavioral health, and non-profit work. I grew up in Los Angeles, completed my Master of Social Work at Fordham University in the Bronx, and now call Ocala, Florida home. Over the years, I’ve had the privilege of supporting individuals and families across the lifespan, each with their own unique stories and needs. My work is guided by an integrative approach, meaning I draw from a variety of therapeutic methods to find what fits best for you. I’ve worked extensively with family systems, intergenerational trauma, parents and children facing behavioral challenges, neurodivergent individuals, women navigating life transitions, and people seeking to better understand themselves and the patterns that may be causing distress, mood difficulties, anxiety, or OCD. Some of my specialties include helping young adults transition into life after high school, supporting parents and partners as they navigate family life, and walking alongside Latina women who are balancing relationships, cultural expectations, independence, and self-care. I believe deeply that every person’s journey is unique. That’s why I focus on meeting you exactly where you are, empowering you to uncover strengths, solutions, and coping strategies that work for your life. While I am trained in CBT and DBT, I see these as tools within a broader, collaborative process. At the heart of my practice is client-centered care — because there is no single path to healing that fits everyone. Together, we’ll create a treatment plan that honors your voice, builds on your resilience, and empowers you to move toward the life you want to live.

Hi! I'm a Licensed Mental Health Clinican in MA and Indiana. I received my Masters from Salem State University and have been working in the mental health field for over 12 years. I help adults struggling with anxiety and depression to become the best versions of themselves. I also specialize in relationship concerns, mood disorders (i.e. bipolar), LGBTQ, trauma, substance use, borderline personality disorder, and dealing with narcissism.

Hi there, my name’s Ephraim Tokar. I'm a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with 20+ years of experience. My specialties consist of relationships, men’s issues, career counseling, and psychosomatic illnesses. I received my Bachelors degree in Child Psychology, working initially with the adolescent population before transitioning over to adults. I then received my Masters in Marriage and Family Therapy. Whether it's individuals or couples, I'm happy to get to work with whomever comes my way. I do my best to facilitate a warm, trusting environment. Looking forward to meeting with you soon!

I am a Christian-informed therapist licensed in multiple States. With a background in clinical social work and a desire to see the building up of the body of Christ, I am passionate about supporting and encouraging my brothers and sisters as they seek to navigate the difficulties of life and develop resilience that can lead to personal healing and spiritual growth. My areas of expertise include managing stress, anxiety, depression, trauma, faith formation, identity and purpose, peer relationships, transitional challenges, conflict resolution, forgiveness, etc.