Therapists in California

Hi there! I'm Tritia, a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT) out here in sunny California. I help those who aren't able to help themselves and instead help everyone else first. We will identify the barriers and challenges that make it difficult to make you the priority. We'll utilize an integrative approach, tackling those unhelpful thoughts while ensuring that your whole self is being worked on as well. I offer a no-frills, conversational style approach with different interventions sprinkled in to help you with anxiety, people-pleasing, and/or perfectionist traits. I provide a (virtual) space that's tailored to your goals and needs. I meet you where you are, even if you get a bit "creative" with your language. Contact me and let's see how we can work together!

Chronic pain is a false alarm. "Try putting ice on it. Try putting heat on it. Try sleeping on a giant magnet. Just ignore it." Some things are impossible to ignore. Pain is designed to be unignorable. When your body tells you there's a problem, it makes sure you listen. Pain helps protect our bodies from harm. Pain is like a conversation between body and brain. But as in any conversation, sometimes there are misunderstandings. You want your life back. Pain Reprocessing Therapy can help. I had suffered with chronic pain for many years, until Pain Reprocessing Therapy cured my chronic pain. I am excited to bring this relief to others! In 15 sessions or less, let me offer hope, and a way out. You have been ignored, gaslighted, and drained of your cash over many years of unsuccessful remedies for your pain. Pain Reprocessing Therapy targets learned neural pathways in the brain, and reverses them. If you have a diagnosed or suspected mental health condition, PRT is still effective.

I specialize in integrating therapy with the Christian faith, guiding clients in learning how to hear from God and experience inner healing through the leading of the Holy Spirit. My practice is the welcome home party for the wildflowers, birthed out of a relentless pursuit to find home in His wild love for us and unlocking hearts to love and to be loved.

I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) with experience supporting individuals navigating depression, anxiety, and life’s everyday challenges. I take a compassionate, client-centered approach and primarily use Mindfulness-Based Therapy to help you build awareness, reduce stress, and develop healthier coping skills. In our work together, you can expect a safe, supportive space where you’ll learn to manage difficult thoughts and emotions, stay grounded in the present moment, and reconnect with what matters most to you. Whether you're seeking relief from overwhelming feelings or looking to strengthen your emotional resilience, I'm here to walk alongside you on that journey.

My name is Patricia Pasillas (LCSW) and I'm a first generation Latina located here in the heart of Southern California. Throughout the last 14 years of my career as a licensed clinical social worker I've build a solid reputation for not only breaking down the barriers within society but it's my eagerness to help open the doors for others that truly separates me from others in this line of work.

Hello, I’m Lucia Acosta, I’m a bicultural, bilingual (Spanish/English) Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor passionate about helping adolescents and adults navigate anxiety, stress, and life’s many transitions. My practice offers a warm, supportive space where you can explore your emotions, share your experiences, and feel heard—without judgment. Whether you’re feeling overwhelmed, disconnected, or simply unsure of your next step, therapy can help you reconnect with clarity and confidence. My approach is grounded in empathy and guided by evidence-based, trauma-informed practices, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Internal Family Systems (IFS), Sandtray, and client-centered therapy. Healing is not a one-size-fits-all journey, and I’m honored to walk alongside you as we work toward meaningful growth and lasting change.

Hi there, I'm Kristen! As an LCSW practicing in both Michigan and California, I have 11 years of experience helping women and young adults navigate anxiety, imposter syndrome, and unprocessed trauma before burnout takes over. I’m passionate about creating a space where you feel seen, supported, and empowered—whether you're managing high expectations, healing from past wounds, or struggling in your faith journey. I offer evidence-based therapies alongside nondenominational faith-based counseling for those who want to incorporate their Christian faith into their healing. I welcome and respect all belief systems, providing a compassionate, nonjudgmental space for growth and healing.

Hello, I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist based in California. With a passion for supporting individuals, couples, and families to navigate the complexities of relationships and personal growth, I've dedicated my career to fostering a safe and nurturing environment where my clients can explore challenges, heal, and thrive. My approach is grounded in empathy, evidence-based practices, and a deep commitment to understanding each client's unique dynamics and strengths. Whether addressing communication issues, conflict resolution, emotional intimacy, or personal development, I aim to empower my clients to achieve greater harmony, understanding, and fulfillment in their lives and relationships.

Hi! I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) based in the San Francisco Bay Area, California. I received my Masters in Social Work from California State University, Long Beach. I help teens and young adults navigate stress related to relationships (family, friends/peers, romantic relationships) as well as school and work stress. I also help individuals dealing with anxiety and depression to manage their symptoms and develop positive coping skills.

My name is Caitlinn Concepcion and I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT) in the state of California working towards my Doctor of Marriage and Family Therapy (DMFT) degree (ABD). I am a compassionate therapist dedicated to empowering individuals on their journeys of self-discovery and healing. I create a safe, nurturing space for clients to explore their inner worlds, build resilience, and embrace personal growth. My therapeutic approach blends introspection with practical strategies, helping clients uncover insights, address challenges, and cultivate a deeper connection to their authentic selves.

Welcome! I’m a bilingual Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT) and Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor (LPCC) dedicated to creating a warm, collaborative, and culturally responsive space for healing and growth. My passion lies in helping individuals and families feel supported, truly heard, and empowered to navigate life’s challenges with resilience and self-compassion. Over the years, I’ve had the privilege of working in both school-based and community mental health settings, providing services to children, adolescents, adults, and families from diverse backgrounds. My clinical experience includes supporting clients through a wide range of concerns, including anxiety, depression, trauma, life transitions, grief, and challenges related to cultural identity and adjustment. I understand how these issues can impact not only individuals but entire family systems, and I work to foster connection and understanding across generations.

Hi! This is Snow Lee, I have over 10+ years working with individuals and providing human service. My background consists of working in different settings such as inpatient, outpatient, and crisis. I have experience and understanding of working with individuals from a diverse background. I start my work by collaborating with my clients working through their current issues and helping them identify its root cause. We work together by becoming aware and conscious of their thoughts, behaviors, & emotions and it its influences and relation to their root issues.

Hi I’m Eric, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker based in Los Angeles, California. I earned my Masters in Social Welfare (MSW) from UCLA and have years of experiencing helping others manage life stressors. Together we'll explore your thoughts, emotions, and relationships. I focus on each client's goals and provide clear direction for therapy with continuity between sessions. All clients deserve a therapist who shows empathy, acceptance, and integrity.

Hello, my name is Maria Genter Hester I am a licensed marriage family therapist they have been in private practice on and off for about 20 years. I love working with families and teens I have a specialty in postpartum mood and anxiety disorders, I also have training in dealing with perinatal loss, abortion, miscarriage and grief. I love helping people who are interested in using their faith background to further their healing and achieve the life that they want. Most of my training has been in cognitive behavioral therapy and family systems. I earned my Masters in Counseling Psychology at the University of San Francisco, I reside in San Diego. I love the outdoors, hiking beach, art, cooking, and activities with my family and friends.

Tracy McClendon, LCSW is a therapist who believes we all have the capacity to grow and looks forward to helping you on your mental health journey. Is it possible you have come to a point in your life where you want change, need to get in control of you or your environment? With direction, support, serenity you can learn to master negative thought processes that bring about negative emotions and behaviors. She believes together, you will build upon your strengths, identify your concerns and you will overcome your challenges.

Hi! I'm Wen. I am a licensed marriage and family therapist. I help adults who are struggling to deal with everyday stressors and burnout. I empathetically listen to what you have to share and want to fully understand your situation before working collaboratively on solutions. I consider myself a direct person and try to break down the concepts that I teach into easily understood ideas.

I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist based in California. I received my master’s degree at Pacific Oaks College with a specialization in Trauma and I have been practicing for over 7 years. I help people by providing them with coping skills when they are overwhelmed, assist them with building a “life worth living”, and help them with working through every day life stressors including: work, relationships, family difficulties.

Hello, I'm Aleisha, a licensed marriage and family therapist with a Master's degree in Clinical Psychology and a specialization in Marriage and Family Therapy (MFT). With extensive experience working with high-acuity dual-diagnosed individuals in community settings, I've developed a unique expertise in tailoring therapeutic approaches to meet the complex needs of this population. My approach to therapy is centered around establishing a strong, supportive therapeutic alliance, creating a safe and protective space for individuals to explore their challenges and work towards their goals. Through this collaborative process, I've helped numerous individuals improve their overall mental health, address impairments in functioning, and develop effective symptom management strategies. My goal is to empower individuals with the tools and support they need to navigate life's challenges and achieve lasting growth and well-being.

Hello! I'm Karen Weaver. I'm a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT) and have been practicing for over 10 years. Life can be challenging at times and we can all benefit from some support. My focus in working together is to assist you in becoming your best self. That could be anything from managing anxiety and stress better, to overcoming past challenges or getting along better with family or friends.

Hello, I'm Natasha, a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist based in Fresno, CA. Do you feel like you’re constantly overthinking, putting others first, or avoiding conflict to keep the peace? Anxiety has left you feeling exhausted and disconnected, or past trauma makes it hard to feel safe and grounded. You want to break free from these patterns, set healthy boundaries with confidence, and experience emotional stability. Your goal is to feel calm, confident, and in control of your life, but you’re unsure how to get there. If this sounds familiar, you don’t have to figure it out alone. I specialize in supporting people struggling with anxiety, trauma, and patterns of people-pleasing or overthinking. Using a compassionate, person-centered approach, I help you build healthy coping skills, process difficult experiences, and create healthier relationships with yourself and others. Together, we’ll work to help you find peace and confidence. Starting therapy can feel overwhelming, but you're already showing strength by exploring your options. You deserve support, healing, and a space where you feel heard. I offer virtual individual therapy for clients in California, providing compassionate care tailored to your needs. If you're ready to take the next step toward healing, I’m here to help. https://www.clarkfamilycounseling.com

Hi! I'm a Licensed Professional Clinical Counsellor (LPCC) based in California. I received my Masters from the Cal State University of San Bernardino and have been practicing for 5 years. Inspired by my own experiences in therapy, I strive to provide clients a safe space by utilizing a non-judgmental approach to help overcome life struggles, by helping them develop healthy coping skills, reduce stress and prevent burnout. My extensive experience in various settings have equipped me to effectively support culturally diverse populations by utilizing multiple modalities of treatment tailored to each client's needs.

Are you struggling with anxiety or feelings of depression? As a California Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT), I can help guide you through these uncomfortable feelings and support you in reaching your mental health goals. I graduated in 2016 from California State University, Northridge, with a Master of Science in Counseling, Option in Marriage and Family Therapy. I have worked among many different clinical settings (schools, substance use disorder treatment, crisis settings, and private practice). My goal is to guide you to develop tools and insights to help you navigate life's challenges and lead your most fulfilling life.

I am a bilingual Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with over 8 years of experience helping adolescents and adults manage and foster positive change through the lens of psychology. Driven by a genuine desire to make a difference, I am dedicated to helping individuals navigate the complexities of their lives, fostering growth, resilience, and meaningful connections. I hold a master's degree in Counseling Psychology with an emphasis in Marriage and Family Therapy and Health Psychology from Santa Clara University.

Hello my name is Virginia Myricks, LMFT and my goal is to encourage, challenge and empower you to uncover your true potential and lead a life that is worth celebrating. While we can't change difficult situations, we can work together to better understand and resolve challenges in your life. I understand that every individual struggles with life challenges in their own unique way and it would be my pleasure to work with you on identifying your goals, offering treatment interventions that are best suited to your individual needs and to assist you in experiencing a more fulfilling and meaningful life.

Hello, I am Aviva Euripides and I am pleased to meet you here. Our clinical work involves tracking and assessing how it assists you in meeting your goals. This solution focused work is thus overall practical but is rooted in academic and clinical rigor. I graduated from the University of California at Berkeley and attended New College of California where the focus was on meeting the clinical needs of a diverse community with relevance and meaning. I have supervised and trained clinicians in treatment settings ranging from the counselor's office to acute mental health facilities. This has led to a deep understanding of clinical work. My specializations include depression, anxiety, life changes, self esteem, career and relationships. Please schedule appointments on the hour.

Hi! I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker based in California and hold a Master of Social Work degree from the University at Albany, State University of New York . I have an extensive background in community and school-based mental health and over the course of my career have served adults, adolescents and families with diverse backgrounds and life experiences in a variety of settings. I believe very strongly in each person’s capacity for growth and change and strive to find ways to help people live with greater meaning, satisfaction, and choice.

Greetings! I am Irene Ona, a first generation Fil-Am Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW). I was born and raised in the Midwest; now residing in San Diego, California. My work has been primarily in geriatrics. I'm proud to witness older adults at all stages of aging from independence to end of life planning. My experience comes from volunteering at senior centers, internships as a in-home counselor for my bachelor of social work (BSW) and an outpatient behavioral health clinic counselor for my masters of social work (MSW) specializing in mental health. I used my degrees to serve people in skilled nursing facilities (SNF) and hospice. Aside from my experience in healthcare, my passion is connect to clients who want to live more genuinely and be authentic in their everyday exchanges.

Hello! I am bilingual (English/Spanish) Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) in California. I have 12 years of experience providing individual and family therapy to residents in the Los Angeles area. I earned my Bachelors degree in Sociology in Spanish from Loyola Marymount University in 2007 and Master of Social Welfare from University of California Los Angeles in 2012. I have extensive experience providing community mental health with a strong emphasis on depression and anxiety disorders, including trauma and perinatal/postpartum conditions.

Thanks for connecting. Allow me to introduce myself. I have worked with a variety of clients dealing with anxiety, depression, eating disorders, OCD, trauma, issues of identity, questioning how to relate to loved ones, and working through issues of faith and connection to God. The common thread is connecting the past to the present and helping you make sense of questions and problems that are likely causing you a lot of distress. I want to help you gain clarity and peace, so you can experience more joy and lightness in your life. You may not even be sure what is causing pain and confusion in your life. My role is to help you put the pieces back together, so you can feel more comfortable and confident.

Welcome! Are you feeling frozen, avoidant, exhausted, disconnected, or uncertain in life? Many of us do from time to time and this is where psychotherapy makes a difference. My passion as a Licensed Marriage & Family Therapist is helping those struggling with unresolved issues that can block personal growth and vibrancy. Some signs of being stuck appear as thought spiraling, rumination, thought or image intrusions, an increased self-critical voice, physical discomforts, sleep issues, irritability, despair, avoidance, isolation, and worrisome behaviors.

Hi! I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) based in California. I received my Masters from the University of Southern California and have been practicing for 7 years. I help pre-teens, adolescents, and adults struggling with different life challenges become the best versions of themselves. I work full time as a Behavior Health Counselor for a school district in California, and I take clients part time in the evenings from 4:30pm to 7:30pm.

Sometimes, the most profound connections are formed when someone truly listens.I’m Cintia, here not just to hear, but to deeply understand you. In a world where trauma and anxiety often drown out our inner voices, I know that beneath the spoken words, lies a heart’s true narrative. What a degree in Clinical Psychology and a seven-year journey as a therapist has allowed me to is delve deep into the realms of trauma, anxiety, and depression. While these are my primary focuses, I also bring profound insights into PTSD, intricate family dynamics, relationship challenges, and concerns faced by the LGBTQ community.

Short-term counseling with an experienced professional to clarify thoughts and feelings, learn mental health management skills and plan for mental health and wellness. Possible topics include general mental health questions, improving mental health, goal setting, building cognitive and behavioral skills, dealing with life transitions, and clarifying thoughts and feelings. I am not licensed in treatment of substance abuse or addictions. I do not do court related work. Adults only.

I am a seasoned and dedicated therapist, holding a license as a Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT), and I am based in California. With 13 years of experience in this field, my practice is driven by a profound commitment to assisting individuals in their journey toward self-discovery and personal growth. My therapeutic approach centers around meeting my clients right where they are in their lives, offering them a safe and non-judgmental space to explore their thoughts, emotions, and experiences. I am deeply passionate about nurturing self-understanding, self-compassion, and self-love, guiding individuals to embrace these qualities as they navigate life's challenges. In my practice, I emphasize the importance of moving away from self-criticism and self-blame, recognizing these patterns as hindrances to personal well-being. Instead, I work collaboratively with my clients to foster self-acceptance and self-compassion, empowering them to build healthier relationships with themselves and others. My ultimate goal as a therapist is to help individuals discover their inner strengths, enhance their self-awareness, and develop the tools they need to lead more fulfilling and contented lives. It's a privilege and a passion of mine to assist others on their journey towards greater self-acceptance and emotional well-being.

Hello there, I'm Susan. I have been in the mental health industry for over 26 years. I have worked with individuals with mild to moderate, to severe mental health challenges. I approach psychotherapy with sensitivity and patience and will always have my client's best interest in mind. I have extensive experience working with clients with Relationship Issues, Job Stress, General Stress, Parenting Stress, Couple Therapy, Communication, Conflict Management, Anxiety, Depression, Cultural Struggles, Guilt or Shame, Aging, Anger Management, Coping Skills, and Grief. My top modalities include Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, Coaching, Culturally Sensitive, Strength Based, Person Centered, and Solution Focused Brief Therapy. I look forward to patiently guide you through your journey of self-discovery to improve your mental health. To schedule an appointment or speak to a trained receptionist, please contact: 1 (786) 755-1863 or reception+Susan9749@growtherapy.com

I am a caring loving therapist who wants to get to know you and help you feel like your most authentic and healthy self. I love to listen and laugh with my clients. I am a mother and a wife. My goal is to help my clients know that they are not alone, and often just sharing emotions can feel like a big relief. I want to encourage you to seek out the things you love to do and spend time with the people who make you feel most loved and accepted. I want to empower my clients to give and accept the love they deserve.

Welcome to my profile page! Let's begin a journey, where we'll address the complexities of life together. Navigating emotions, relationship dynamics, and life’s pivotal transitions, I offer a therapy approach that is integrative yet centered around you. Our sessions will be more than just conversations – they will be pathways to empowerment, resilience, and refining adaptive life skills. You'll learn not just to understand your emotions but also to use them as valuable guides, applying the knowledge they impart to nurture your relationships and embrace life's changes within a safe and supportive space.

I offer strength-based, trauma-informed care, grounded in the belief that you are the expert of your own life. With 15+ years of experience in this field, I draw from a range of approaches—including CBT, DBT, and EMDR—to help you achieve your goals. Reach out for a free phone consultation to discuss your unique needs and begin creating a personalized plan for healing.

Well done on taking the first steps to a better you! Simply acknowledging you need support and then reaching out can be the most difficult, yet empowering part of the process to a happier you. As a clinician, I specialize in working with teens, young adults and women as they navigate chapters throughout life. My goal is to facilitate a safe and nonjudgemental space for clients to verbalize thoughts and feelings. I provide a holistic approach that assesses overall physical health and its impact on mental health; looking at sleep patterns, nutrition, and social relationships. Utilizing a variety of different clinical modalities, I work alongside my clients to aid them in identifying strengths and maladaptive patterns that may interfere with happiness. Applying a strength-based approach, I guide clients in self-care practices and the development of a coping skills 'tool kit' that both empowers and equips client's with the skills necessary to build a happier and more confident life.

As a board-certified psychotherapist, I have had the privilege of collaborating with a diverse array of remarkable clients. My professional journey encompasses assisting parents in the reunification process with their children, guiding young adolescents through the complexities of emerging emotions, and supporting older adults as they navigate the challenges of lifelong illnesses. My education is a bachelor's degree in child and Adolescent Development and a master's degree in social work.

Hello there and thank you for taking the time to review my profile. I am Licensed Clinical Social Worker with more than 17 years of combined experience working in the field of mental health and substance use. As a therapist, I like to provide a safe and nonjudgemental safe space for Clients to work on their concerns and achieve their goals. Most of my Clients feel that even if they have struggled to connect with other therapists in the past, they are able to connect with me and feel supported.

Hello, my name is Jeri. Do you feel like you have always been the responsible one who gets things done but lately are starting to feel resentful or just plain exhausted? Are you dealing with emotionally immature family members/co-workers/friends? Do you find it difficult to put yourself first? I help high-functioning individuals manage their relationships, emotions, and stress in their lives. We will work together to understand the root of your struggles, help you explore your options and become a better communicator so you can meet your own needs. You just need to show up for your appointments, be interested in your growth and do any homework assignments that are assigned to you (they are easy, don't worry).

I am a licensed clinical psychologist (PhD) in northern California. I received my doctorate degree from the University of Florida. I have 40+ years of experience as a therapist treating adults. I will only see patients in-person in my office. Phone calls and texting/emails are used for communication as necessary between visits. I initially address what prompted an individual to seek help at this particular time, ie why now? I help people clarify issues--concerns, thoughts, feelings, situations--and explore/develop effective coping strategies and behaviors.

Greetings. I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with a Bachelor’s degree in Psychology and a Master’s degree in Counseling Psychology, specializing in Marriage and Family Therapy. I am dedicated to assisting individuals and families facing a range of challenges, providing support and guidance throughout their healing journey. Just as each tree grows in its own way, shaped by its environment and experiences, everyone’s journey is unique and deserves to be heard. I believe that through understanding and support, we can nurture this growth together.

I am a bilingual (Spanish)/bi-cultural (Central American) Licensed Marriage & Family Therapist in the State of California, with 8 years of clinical experience. I have treated children, at-risk adolescents, adults and families in various settings, such as: in-home, school-based (k-12), telehealth, pediatric clinic and private practice. I have a passion for helping, inspiring and empowering others to identify their strengths and capabilities.

Hi, I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I graduated with my Master's Degree from Rutgers University. I have experience working with teens, and adult dealing with depression, anxiety, substance abuse, self-esteem, self -harm, ADHD, life changes and other challenges. I specialize in working with teens, women and men who are experiencing depression, anxiety, stress, relationship issues, negative self-image and trauma. I work with clients to help them discover their true self. I will meet you where you are in your journey, and will you facilitate the changes you need to reach your fullest potential. If your tired of your emotional rollercoaster consider coming to see me.

My name is Crystal Gee, and I am a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor. I have worked in the Human Service field for over 20 years with the past 10 years working in Mental Health. I am well-versed in treating clients that suffer from trauma, depression, anxiety, behavioral disruption, grief, anger management, mood disorders, and suicidal ideations. I focus on increasing effective solutions by increasing problem-solving skills, communication skills, social skills, self-esteem and emotional identification.

My name is Kathy Kelly, and I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. I have been licensed since 2009 and have experience working with individuals, adolescents, and families in crisis. I specialize in depression, anxiety, trauma, grief, adjustment disorders, and understanding behavior patterns that are set from childhood. I have extensive experience working with individuals who are experiencing difficult life changes, stress, and chronic mental health disorders. The most common approaches that I use are cognitive behavioral therapy, dialectical behavioral therapy, emotionally focused, mindfulness, solutions focused, grief, and trauma focused therapy. I am confortable working with various levels of life experiences, including childhood trauma, current stressors, life transitions, and I appreciate using psychodynamic and family systems therapy to help my clients understand and identify patterns of behavior, and negative thought patterns that originated from their past experiences. I provide a safe space with the goal of making my clients feel welcome, comfortable, and at ease. I have been very successful at teaching clients coping skills, and helping clients process their feelings and emotions with the goal of finding peace, happiness, and an overall sense of well being. Your journey begins today and I will be there with you to guide you and support you.

Hello, my name is David Tucker and I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist and Registered Drama Therapist. I have clinical experience working with individuals struggling with various mental health ailments from depression and anxiety to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. I have worked and continue to work in counseling individuals of all ages and from many different backgrounds. I have experience counseling children, adolescents, and their families, adults, and children at in-patient behavioral psych hospitals, adolescents in high schools and middle schools as well as adults and children in a clinical setting.

I come to my practice with life experience and have lived in Europe and know the challenges of making life transitions. I use a laid back approach and focus on meeting the clients where they are to really understand the changes they wish to make. I firmly believe in the therapeutic allegiance and the client therapist working together for the optimum outcome.