I am a licensed marriage and family therapist in California, Texas, and Virginia. I have over a decade of experience working with a diverse population of individuals. I have worked in community mental health, public schools, corrections facilities, hospitals, and as an EAP provider. I am most passionate about working with the younger generation as I feel like that is where the most change and progress can be made. I would love to be a positive influence on the next generation. As a second-generation Iranian American, I understand the feeling of being caught between cultures. I offer a warm, nonjudgmental space where clients can feel heard, valued, and empowered to grow. My approach is warm, empathic, and solution-focused.

Hello everyone. I would first like to say that I am pleased to have the opportunity of being your counselor/therapist. I am a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor (LPCC) in the state of California, a Licensed Professional Counselor in the state of Colorado, and a Licensed Mental Health Counselor in the state of Washington with certification specializing in Women's Mental Health (WMHS-C). I know finding a therapist in todays society can be difficult but you've made it this far, and so it's a pleasure to meet you!

Hello, I am Preet Brar, LCSW, DPA. I am your gateway to transformative healing and mental well-being. As the founder of my virtual online services, I bring you a unique blend of compassion, expertise, and innovation to the realm of mental wellness. With a passion for supporting individuals on their journey toward self-discovery and personal growth, I offer a safe and empowering space for you to embark on a transformative dialogue. Immerse yourself in Preet's virtual sanctuary, where her profound understanding of the human psyche and unwavering commitment to your emotional well-being converge. With a deep respect for the intricacies of the human experience, I craft personalized therapeutic approaches that honor your individuality and empower you to overcome life's challenges. Whether you seek solace from anxiety/depression, guidance through relationship dilemmas, or a path to self-empowerment, Preet's warm and empathetic presence will guide you toward lasting transformation. Step into a world of self-discovery and healing, where Preet Brar's intuitive wisdom and unwavering support await. Begin your journey today and unlock the extraordinary potential that lies within you.

Do you feel like you've lost HOPE?! Do you often feel like what's the point? Do you feel like you are just surviving? HOPE! HOPE; noun; 1 - A feeling or expectation and desire for a certain thing to happen. 2 - A feeling of trust HOPE; Verb; Example: - I HOPE therapy helps me and I HOPE I learn the skills I need to move through this experience. I truly believe as a therapist that hope is the catalyst for change. Hope propels us to keep trying. When we feel stuck due to trauma holding us back, our thought distortions, or our self-sabotaging! HOPE still is present and propelling us to move forward. I am a firm believer that all mental health disorders' root cause is trauma. This has been widely researched and confirmed. My goal is for us to meet the goals you have for yourself. We will do this by identifying healthy coping skills, becoming aware of the thought distortions we are experiencing, and be able to identify AND work through triggers. I believe in acknowledging generational curses. Trauma is passed down from generation to generation until a cycle breaker comes along who is willing to put in the hard work to heal themselves and prevent inflicting any more damage to themselves and the future generations to come. I can promise you this work is not easy, life is not easy, we have to pick our hard. Staying where you are is also, HARD. Your healing will be worth it! You are worth it! There is HOPE for a better future for yourself. My open environment will serve as a safe space for your to process and move through life's challenges. Let me work alongside you to offer an empathetic, genuine, empowering, and encouraging experience. LETS WORK!

My name is Liana Gibson, and I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with over 14 years of experience, licensed in California, Washington, and Texas. I specialize in helping individuals and families navigate life’s challenges, strengthen their bonds, and build healthier, more fulfilling relationships. My love for Jesus is my first priority, and pleasing God is at the center of my life and work. I believe that true healing and transformation come through His guidance and grace. My therapeutic approach is grounded in compassion, clear communication, and personalized strategies, integrating Christian faith, recovery principles, and cultural awareness to create a holistic and supportive environment. I am passionate about walking alongside clients from diverse backgrounds as they pursue emotional, relational, and spiritual growth rooted in God’s truth and love.

I graduated from the Univerisity of Southern California with a Master’s in Social Work. I have eight years of clinical experience working with children, adolescents, adults, and families at the Los Angeles Unified School District and Child and Family Guidance Center, most recently in the Juvenile Justice program. I have provided clinical therapy in the outpatient and residential setting, treating trauma, anxiety, and depression. With passion, dedication, and a collaborative approach, therapy is a powerful tool that can improve the quality of life.

Hello, My name is Tiffany Bell and I am a licensed marriage, family, and child therapist. I specialize in learning disabilities and neurodivergence (Autism, ADHD, etc.). I have over 21 years of experience working with this population. I love to help this population of people maximize their full potential through direct, fun, and practical ways of understanding their disorder, what will work and what does not, and how to effectively navigate through that. I also have experience in the education system and I understand how specialized education works. I take pride in not only helping those individuals navigate this system and advocate for themselves,

I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with 20 years of experience. I currently hold a role at Stanford Medicine. I previously served in various roles at local non-profits including Clinical Director. I have participated in academic research and have presented at various national conferences on the topic of mental health. I work from a trauma-informed and multi-theoretical perspective and value providing LGBTQIA+ affirming care. I support clients going through life transitions, people impacted by medical conditions, and healthcare workers. I provide psychotherapy as well as therapeutic yoga.

Hello and welcome! I am a doctor of Psychology, a licensed marriage and family therapist and a licensed professional clinical counselor. I am located in California and have 14 years of experience in helping individuals navigate their emotional challenges through various evidence-based treatment methods. My goal is to empower you to understand yourself better, heal from past traumas, and improve your relationships, ultimately leading to a more fulfilling life.

If you're dealing with depression or anxiety, or situations in your life that you're not happy with, first of all, you're not alone. Lots of people are dealing with hard times now, and it's affecting how lots of us feel, work, and engage with our relationships. But you should know that most problems can be dealt with effectively -- sometimes all we need is a little help. I'm good at providing that kind of help. I usually work with clients on core issues, foundations of well-being, like self esteem, codependency, self assertion, and also, how do they do with relationships? What's going on with work? Are there family issues? Is there solid self esteem there? Most of my clients come in feeling very uncertain about what their next steps are, and most often, they tell me that feelings of sadness, or worry, are definitely in their way. I've been helping people heal and grow for over 20 years, and what I hear back from clients is that I'm honest, smart, kind, and that I don't waste their time. The work we do together is not just about soothing and comforting, but also, and more directly about problem solving: if you're unhappy, what do you need in order for that to change? And what are all your needs, anyway? Are you even sure of how you need your life to be? I'd like to help you find the answers to those questions. And if you're in a relationship, getting over one, or hoping to find a new one, I do a lot of work with people who are dealing with that, too. I hope I can help you feel better, and get your needs met in life. Because there's nothing that matters more.

My name is Lauren Alonzo, I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. I graduated from California Lutheran University in 2018 and have seven years of experience helping clients identify the barriers that are preventing them from living life as their true, authentic self. I aim to normalize mental health struggles and remove the stigma that so often prevents individuals from seeking help.

I am a licensed professional counselor (PhD, LPC, NCC) with years of experience supporting individuals across a wide range of mental health challenges. I am deeply committed to helping people explore their thoughts, emotions, and behaviors in a safe, supportive environment. My approach integrates evidence-based strategies with compassion and understanding, so clients can gain clarity, build resilience, and achieve meaningful, lasting change in their lives.

https://sherryyamlcsw.com Hi, I am a trauma consultant who graduated from the University of Southern California, with years of culturally diverse EMDR therapy experience since 2011. My expertise is to tailor research-supported EMDR therapy with highly successful expat, AAPI professionals (e.g. Journalists, Actors, Scientists, Corporate Leaders, Producers, First Responders) who experience a Medical Related Trauma, Fear of Flying, Stage Fright, Phobia, Unprocessed Grief, car accidents, wild fires, War Trauma or Cultural Issues. I received my trauma training at the National Center for PTSD and the EMDR Trauma Recovery Humanitarian Assistance Program. In our society, we overlook the necessity of trauma work for our highly successful leaders. Many of my clients come to me are specifically looking for EMDR therapy to resolve barriers so they can be a better leader and find a better work-life balance. Others come to me for EMDR therapy after they tried talk therapy for years and didn’t see the progress they hope for.

I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker based in California. I received my Masters from New York University and have been practicing for 13 years. I have also have 7 years of experience as a educator and supervisor for pre-licensed therapists. I love helping my supervisees and clients overcome their challenges, learn great lessons in the process, and achieve their highest potentials.

Hi, I’m Vera, a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist. I help teens and adults navigate anxiety, stress, relationship struggles, and life transitions. I also specialize in trauma and addictions. Clients often describe me as calm, grounded, and approachable. My style is warm, direct, and collaborative—I’ll listen closely, offer honest feedback, and share practical tools to help you move forward. Whether you’re feeling stuck, disconnected, or overwhelmed, I use approaches like mindfulness, CBT, and communication skills to support you in building resilience and creating lasting change. My holistic approach focuses on creating lasting change so you can feel more aligned with the person you want to be and the life you want to lead. Therapy is your space to feel understood, find relief, and rediscover what matters most.

With my years of experience working in college counseling center, my ideal client would be college (undergrad and graduate) students who are seeking support to remove barriers to their academic progress. I work best with clients who are motivated and committed to getting therapy support to address their concerns. This include issues around various transitions college students face (adjusting to college, exploring their identities, clarifying values, etc.).

Dear Prospective Client, My name is Lina Rappoport, LMFT. I have been licensed since 2013. Originally from Ukraine I came to the US more than 20 years ago. I love to work with adults. I love meeting people from all around the world and I connect well with different cultures. In me you will find compassionate, caring, and respectful individual. I will take time to listen and together we will create a plan of action to help you feel better. We all need support these days, so don't hesitate to reach out. I can't wait to meet you. Take care.

As a child I was always very sensitive and curious about the world that surrounded me. It came natural to help people and I knew that I wanted to give back to the world at large. Just like you I suffered from some childhood wounds. My parents did the best they could with the tools they had. But due to their struggles I became a very codependent child wanting to save and fix my parents to simply gain the love I desired. Later on I would be able to understand this cycle and name some of the patterns I lived out. People pleasing, losing myself in toxic relationships and not fully loving that little girl inside of me. Once I became a LMFT and gained the knowledge and tools necessary I was not only able to break my own patterns, I was also able to help others find joy and deep meaning in their lives. Ultimately I specialize in helping people understand their patterns and be more effective communicators in their world. My role has been a guide and coach for my clients, providing innovative approaches based on Gestalt Method, Ancient Forgiveness Techniques, Psychodynamic Therapy, NLP and Hypnosis. I use these techniques to help my clients break patterns, many of which are fear based as a result of early childhood trauma that causes emotional issues in the present. This is deep and powerful work, and is necessary to enable a positive path to desired future. I look forward to working with you and guiding you on the path to healing and freedom.

Hi, I’m Adam. I believe every person is born with an innate capacity to grow, heal, and create a meaningful life. Sometimes, painful experiences or unsupportive environments block that natural capacity, leaving us feeling stuck or overwhelmed. When this happens, I view your symptoms not as failures, but as purposeful signals calling for deeper attention. I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in California, trained at Pepperdine University. My path to this work was informed by a significant "first act" in the global business world, navigating international licensing for entertainment and intellectual property. Living and working across Europe and Australia provided me with a firsthand understanding of high-stakes environments, cultural adaptation, and the universal search for identity. This background allows me to offer a grounded, real-world perspective to clients balancing demanding careers with a desire for emotional depth. In my practice, I support adults working through anxiety, trauma, PTSD, and relationship challenges. My approach is client-centered and highly experiential. Rather than just analyzing the past, we gently shift attention to what you are experiencing right now in your body. Drawing from EMDR, Brainspotting, and Internal Family Systems (IFS), we work to reconnect fragmented pieces of your experience to rebuild a sense of safety. For couples, I blend PACT and EFT to help partners co-regulate and build secure, resilient relationships. Therapy isn’t about fixing you; it’s about uncovering the capabilities you already carry. It is a privilege to offer a steady presence where we can slow down and help your true self flourish. I’m here and ready whenever you are.

I am a licensed marriage and family therapist who provides individual therapy using an eclectic framework. I know that therapy can be intimidating, especially when first seeking services. This process places you front and center in your own journey to healing and I am privileged to be able to walk alongside you as you take that step. I use various tools to assist you in reaching goals and help identify what works for you.

My name is Shawna Reynolds, and I have been in the social work field for 20 years, and the clinical field for over 15 years now. I was drawn to social work to specifically to help provide a sense of safety, security and stability for youth and families. I bring that same sense of safety, security and stability to my Therapy Practice where using a variety of CBT and TFCBT different modalities I now help adult clients identify areas of self-improvement so that they can make positive behavioral changes in their lives to experience more positive pleasurable emotions such as excitement, happiness and a healthy self-concept.

Hi, glad you're here! I'm Maty, a California LMFT, and I work with adults who want deeper self-understanding, real change, and a greater sense of trust and safety within themselves. Many of my clients are navigating anxiety, trauma, attachment patterns, life transitions, identity exploration, or the feeling of being stuck in the same loops even when they “know better” intellectually. My style is warm, collaborative, and down-to-earth. I integrate relational, attachment-oriented, psychodynamic, existential, and mindfulness-based approaches, with attention to the nervous system and what your body is communicating. Together, we’ll slow things down, get curious about patterns, and make space for the parts of you that have been working hard to protect you. I aim to create a therapy space that feels warm, human, and safe enough for your nervous system to exhale. Over time, clients often report feeling more grounded, less reactive, more connected to themselves, and more able to show up authentically in relationships and daily life.

I’ve studied and practiced many methods. I like to be eclectic and work with you with what’s needed to get you back on track and feeling your best. I was a teacher for many years, then went for my masters in social work. Life has many twists and turns. Sometimes we can feel off balance or are suffering from depression or anxiety. We’ve all had our ups and downs and getting back on track and feeling our best is a goal I enjoy helping people achieve to live the life they want.

Starting therapy can feel empowering, confusing, or even intimidating—and it’s worth taking a moment to recognize the courage it takes to take this first step toward caring for your mental health. I strive to create a safe, supportive, and welcoming environment where you can explore challenges related to anxiety, depression, self-care, and more. My goal is to help you strengthen communication and boundaries with yourself and others so that you can improve your quality of life and move toward the future you envision. Therapy is not just about overcoming obstacles—it’s also about personal growth. Together, we’ll clarify your goals and identify strategies to help you move toward them, whether that means change over the next month, six months, or a year. You’ll leave our sessions with practical insights and “next steps” you can put into action right away. I believe life’s purpose isn’t simply to be happy, but to find meaning—and within that meaning, joy emerges. While the journey isn’t always easy, it can be transformative. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, Certified Addictions Professional, Internationally Certified Drug Counselor, and Behavior Analyst. I take a strength-based approach, helping you use your unique abilities to address challenges. I integrate Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Interpersonal Therapy, and Motivational Interviewing to empower you in creating lasting change. Most importantly, I bring a relaxed, compassionate, and trustworthy presence, fostering a therapeutic relationship where you feel safe and supported.

I'm a Bilingual Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with a Doctorate in Clinical Psychology, with 19 years of clinical experience, 15 years licensed within private practice. I consider myself to be bicultural. Having been raised as a first-generation American in a Latin family, I can identify with the mentality of someone living within two "worlds". Transitioning from one culture to another with seemingly different values, beliefs and language. I can easily understand the struggle that maintaining, and existing in both, can sometimes be. I've come to perceive and appreciate it as the gift of having a "bridge" that allows connection to, and understanding of, different aspects of people and life. My education has a foundation in Clinical Psychology, woven with holistic transpersonal themes, the connection between mind, body, and spirit, and just plain down-to-earth common sense. Always keeping in mind the client's personal beliefs and values.

I am a highly accomplished Licensed, Marriage, and Family Therapist with over 28 years of experience in managing challenging behaviors and helping individuals with ongoing significant social/emotional skill deficits, and/or mental health needs. Along with working with youth from many cultures and economic backgrounds, I also have over 20 years’ experience supervising and managing adults in the education field. My years of experience working for school districts, private practice settings, group homes and currently as a mental health administrator provide clients with a clinician who has a broad range of experience.

I was born in Managua, Nicaragua but moved to the United States at a young age. I can say that I’ve learned to appreciate, value, and grow from every experience given in life. Good or bad experiences can potentially shape who we are. They can impact our view and perspective about life, and make us stronger to overcome challenges we face throughout our journey or disable us temporarily, making the journey less enjoyable and pleasing. I always had a strong desire to help others. I found in Psychology and Therapy a good option to provide others the needed tools to move forward, so they can find within them the strength to push toward a better and more productive lifestyle. I view therapy as a safe place to explore relationships, whether those relationships are with people (family, co-workers, partner) or things (food, money, alcohol). I also feel an important part of therapy is addressing the social, economic, and cultural influences on a person.

I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker licensed in the states of Alabama, California, Virginia, Texas, Tennessee, Florida , Hawaii, New Mexico, Arkansas, and Georgia. She has over 10 years of experience working with adults, children and couples seeking help with depression, relationship issues, anxiety and major life stressors. She completed her Bachelor of Science in Social Work from The University of Alabama at Birmingham and received her Master of Science in Social Work from The University of Alabama in Tuscaloosa, Al. I utilizes relational, collaborative, strength based, cognitive behavioral, mindfulness based, solution focused and emotionally focused approaches to therapy always maintaining the creativity, flexibility and awareness necessary to best meet the needs of every unique individual and couple. I want to establish a caring relationships with clients to assist in building on your strengths and better collaborate with you towards meeting your goals and living the meaningful life you value and desire.

I am a licensed therapist dedicated to helping individuals, couples, and families navigate life’s challenges with greater clarity, balance, and self-compassion. I take a collaborative, strengths-based approach, blending evidence-based methods with a compassionate, client-centered style. My goal is to create a safe, supportive space where clients can gain insight, build practical coping skills, and foster lasting emotional well-being. I’m a warm, trauma-informed therapist who helps clients navigate anxiety, stress, trauma, and relationship challenges. I blend practical tools with deeper exploration of patterns shaped by past experiences. My goal is to offer a safe, supportive space for growth and healing.

You are more than what happened to you. Your thoughts, emotions, and past experiences do not define your worth or your future. Healing is possible—and you deserve a life that feels safe, grounded, and truly your own. I am a California Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT) serving individuals across California. I specialize in working with individuals impacted by trauma, with a focus on childhood abuse survivors, sexual assault survivors, and culturally specific trauma. My approach is compassionate, collaborative, and paced to help you reconnect with yourself, build emotional clarity, and move forward with greater confidence and stability.

Hello I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker practicing for 17 years. I received my master's degree from California State University Los Angeles and my California License from the Board of Behavioral Sciences. I love to support and help people understand themselves and practice skills that can help them manage symptoms that are interfering in their lives blocking them from achieving their goals.

Hello there, I’m Lus. Do you miss feeling like yourself? Does it feel like you are going around in circles with the same problems yet can’t seem to find a permanent solution? I guide adults from a person-centered approach to find solutions to their problems when experiencing difficulty managing emotions such as those that come with depression and anxiety. I can help you work through major life transitions (newly married, becoming a parent, empty nester, starting school, grief, becoming ill, divorce, etc.) getting to the root of the problem and developing cognitive behavioral techniques that will get you back to stability. Obtaining therapy services can be intimidating but I can guarantee you that you are making the right decision. I possess bilingual abilities (Spanish), if it's your preference. You deserve your own space to heal and evolve. During our sessions, you will have a safe space where I will meet you with empathy and evidence-based practice. Let me help you.

Libby Supan is a licensed marriage and family therapist, certified intuitive eating counselor, and someone who brings deep personal insight to her work after recovering from a 20-year battle with an eating disorder. Her lived experience is the foundation of her passionate commitment to helping others heal. Libby runs a therapy and coaching practice that supports individuals who feel overwhelmed by constant thoughts about food and body image. She specializes in guiding those stuck in unhealthy eating patterns, such as emotional eating, overeating, binge eating, and restricting food, toward intuitive eating and lasting food freedom. In addition to food and body image work, Libby also supports clients navigating depression, anxiety, relationship challenges, codependency (people pleasing), perfectionism (black and white thinking), and the stress that comes from trying to manage it all.

Hello, I'm Gino Memoli, a licensed therapist dedicated to supporting individuals, couples, and families through personalized therapy sessions. I specialize in addressing personality disorders, mood disorders, and trauma using client-centered modality to help clients explore and heal various aspects of themselves. Additionally, I apply the Gottman Method to enhance relationship dynamics for couples and families, focusing on building stronger, more understanding connections. My approach is direct, honest, and compassionate, aimed at fostering deep personal growth and resilience in a supportive environment.

You don’t have to struggle alone! I believe therapy should feel like a safe, supportive place to slow down, feel understood, and begin making sense of what you are carrying. Using Internal Family Systems (IFS), I help clients gently explore the parts of themselves that may feel overwhelmed, stuck, protective, or hurt. My hope is that through our work together, clients feel less alone, more self-compassionate, and more able to move through life with greater clarity and ease. In our hectic world we often find ourselves afraid to take risks that could jeopardize the stable lives we have created for ourselves. We remain in jobs, relationships and old patterns that no longer work, while symptoms such as anxiety, depression, stress, anger and self-defeating patterns keep us from making real changes to our lives. If that sounds like you, you are stuck. We can feel lost and alone when we are unable to move forward, whether in work or a personal relationship. Therapy can help you break free of that and thrive. I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with a focus on teens, adults, and couples. I have worked with clients on concerns such as anxiety, depression, trauma, and family reunification. I received my Master’s in Marriage and Family Therapy from Pepperdine University. I also minored in sociology.

Hello and welcome to my page! My name is Donna Angel and I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT). I specialize in self love, self compassion, depression, anxiety, body image issues, eating disorders, addiction and mindfulness. It is my passion and joy to work with individuals and families seeking to improve their emotional well-being and live a fulfilling life.

I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 10 years of experience as a psychotherapist, complemented by my background as a veteran of the United States Armed Forces. My clinical training includes a Master’s in Social Work with a focus on Critical Race Theory and Intersectionality, which informs my understanding of how diverse life experiences shape individuals’ perspectives and interactions with their environments. This foundation allows me to approach therapy with cultural humility and a deep appreciation for the complexities of identity and systemic influences. In my practice, I utilize a person-centered, solution-focused approach that prioritizes client autonomy and self-determination. I collaborate closely with clients to identify their unique challenges and barriers, empowering them to develop realistic and meaningful short-term and long-term goals. Together, we explore and optimize the therapeutic tools that clients have already been using, while considering the introduction of additional strategies when appropriate. My goal is to support clients in creating actionable plans that align with their values and aspirations, fostering resilience and sustainable growth in both their present lives and future endeavors.

Justin has been working in the field of behavioral healthcare since 2014. He began his career as a mental health technician within a locked psychiatric hospital in Los Angeles, supporting two units of adolescent and adult psychiatric patients. It was this experience that solidified Justin’s passion for providing compassionate, client-centered care in the mental health, and co-occurring dual diagnosis treatment field. Justin has done extensive work providing direct client care as a facilitator of individual, group and family therapy providing crisis intervention and mental health services to youth and adults identified as at-risk in Los Angeles. Justin has served various treatment programs in Los Angeles and the Bay Area. Over the years, Justin’s roles have included Residential Counselor, Case Manager, Primary Therapist, and Program Director. Justin Cowell is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW). An alumnus of the University of Arizona and San José State University, where he earned his Master’s degree (MSW), has experience in mental health, counseling, and community-based settings. Before joining the Grow team, Justin worked with diverse populations and adolescents. He enjoys incorporating CBT, mindfulness, and positive psychology into his sessions and is eager to bring these modalities to work with the recovery population at Grow Therapy. Born and raised in Inglewood, CA, Justin loves all LA sports teams, Lakers, Dodgers, Kings, and Rams, and loves going to games. Both personally and professionally, Justin is a proponent of self-care, having fun, and trying new things, and is excited to be a member of the Grow team.

I am a Christian-informed therapist licensed in multiple States. With a background in clinical social work and a desire to see the building up of the body of Christ, I am passionate about supporting and encouraging my brothers and sisters as they seek to navigate the difficulties of life and develop resilience that can lead to personal healing and spiritual growth. My areas of expertise include managing stress, anxiety, depression, trauma, faith formation, identity and purpose, peer relationships, transitional challenges, conflict resolution, forgiveness, etc.