Therapists in New York

Exploring our mental health can sometimes be an overwhelming and daunting experience, especially in our current climate. Having a safe, comfortable, and nonjudgmental space to share your personal experiences is the foundation of the therapeutic process and can be the environment that you require in order to take the necessary steps to feeling whole again. My approach has always fostered a compassionate, client centered focus where your needs are put first and you are provided the freedom to be the expert in your life journey and meeting your personal goals along the way.

I’m a compassionate therapist who supports individuals and families navigating anxiety, emotional overwhelm, and life transitions. I work with clients who feel stuck in reactive patterns and want practical tools to feel calmer, more confident, and more connected in their daily lives. My goal is to help you build skills that support emotional safety and meaningful growth in your day-to-day life.

Welcome! With over 18 years of experience as a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in New York, I support adults on their journey toward healing, growth, and self-discovery. If you’re feeling stuck, I’ll walk beside you—offering encouragement, empowerment, and honest guidance. I don’t believe in a one-size-fits-all model. My work is holistic and culturally sensitive, supporting the mind, body, and spirit. Therapy with me is collaborative, tailored to your needs, and focused on helping you reach your most authentic self.

I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and have worked with individuals and couples seeking counseling for over 9 years, both online and in private practice. It is my pleasure to have the privilege of working with you. In providing psychotherapy my goal is to support and empower Clients to resolve concerns/challenges and to gain skills to use going forward. I offer a confidential and safe space where you can feel comfortable discussing your concerns which may include feelings of anxiety or depression or feeling stuck and unsure as to how you can move forward.

Hi There, Perrin here, If you are reading this short bio, I want to first congratulate you on the first step towards self discovery. I was born in The Bronx, NY which has inducted me naturally into a world that did not always make sense. I am mixed with African American and Native American heritage so this has allowed me to be both culturally sensitive as well as unbiased towards the human experience. I have a great appreciation for humanity which has led me to this field and assisting individuals in recognizing their innate abilities to push through tough challenges is my most treasured goal. My practice embodies the three core processes I have concluded to be effective during my 13 years of experience. These processes are; explore, grow, and maintain and through these processes, individuals will understand and explore where they have come from, growing through their experiences, and using the skills along the way in maintaining effective change.

I take a holistic perspective with my clients to address the health of body, mind, and spirit. I believe that a solid therapeutic relationship between client and therapist is a crucial part of the healing process, and that techniques and therapy approaches must “fit” the client in order to be effective—there is no “one size fits all” therapy. My goal, as a counselor and therapist, is to deeply understand my client, and when this happens we are able to identify areas of life that need to be changed, and ways of going about doing that. Therapy is a collaborative process between a trained therapist and a client who wants to change.

I've tried to live my life by the word "YES", which I wrote on the rear of my VW van in the 70's. As I've aged this has shown me the way through many difficulties. I studied Psychology in the 70's, eventually leaving doctoral work to open a Stained Glass studio and eventually obtained a second MA degree in Social Work. leading to my work here. Along the way I've garnered many different paths of therapeutic work and learned how to use them to fit the clients I work with.

**I’m currently opening up more sessions than what is shown on my public calendar. To secure your spot, please go ahead and grab any slot that looks open for now. I will follow up with you shortly after to share my expanded availability and ensure we have the most convenient time locked in for you.** As a therapist, I believe in walking alongside you through life’s most difficult challenges. My greatest strength is utilizing our space to truly listen, ensuring you feel heard and understood. Building a genuine rapport is my ultimate goal; without this foundation of comfort and trust, the real work of healing cannot begin. Whether you are navigating anxiety, depression, chronic illness, or the heavy weight of caregiving and grief, I offer a supportive sanctuary for your story. By blending evidence-based practices like CBT with a focus on your unique strengths, we will work together to build a brighter, more resilient future.

My name is Tracey D. Little. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and Certified Clinical Trauma Professional. I've started my mental health practice in 2015 and continue to predominantly serve moderate to higher functioning individuals who struggle and are challenged with life on life's terms. Individuals are not typically invited or embraced because of their accomplishments in life that need a safe and supportive environment to process and unload their stress and frustrations.

Finding balance in life isn’t about having everything perfectly in place, it’s about building the skills and support you need to move through challenges with confidence. That’s where I come in. I’m Tomekia Edwards, a Licensed Professional Counselor in Texas, New York, and California with over 17 years of experience helping individuals and families navigate life’s most difficult seasons. My background spans inpatient behavioral health, mobile psychiatric assessment, HIV case management, and working with service members and military families. These experiences have shaped my ability to provide grounded, compassionate care across diverse and complex situations. I commonly support clients experiencing anxiety, depression, work and school stress, and relationship challenges. My approach is rooted in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Solution-Focused techniques, allowing us to identify practical tools while also uncovering the strengths you already possess. I have extensive experience working with adults, children, families, and members of the LGBTQIA+ community.

My name is Andrea. I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor and Qualified Supervisor in the state of FL and NY. I have over 14 years of experience working with children and adults in inpatient and outpatients settings, including corrections. I was raised in NY by West Indian (Caribbean)/Asian parents. I then moved to FL where I earned my BA in Psychology and Masters in Mental Health Counseling. My passion is helping others figure out this crazy thing called life, and learn how to live with more satisfaction. My approach to therapy is person centered. This means it will be tailored to each person's specific needs. I enjoy building rapport with my patients to help encourage a healthy therapeutic relationship and allow my patients to feel as comfortable as possible. So whether it's anxiety, depression, or trauma etc., let's figure this out together!

As a psychodynamic therapist, I will work with you to make meaning from your past, empower you in the present, and confidently move you toward the future you desire. I received my degree from New York University, and have used my evidence-based training to provide individual, couples, and family therapy. I hold a deep passion for those who have experienced trauma. I will work with you to create a safe and supportive environment free of judgement, as we explore the thoughts and emotions that are holding you back from your full potential. I use mindfulness and somatic techniques to help each person reconnect with their bodies. If this resonates with you, then I look forward to getting to know and support you on your path to healing.

I'm an LCSW who believes therapy works best when it feels thoughtful, supportive and collaborative. I value creating a space where people can slow down, reflect and better understand themselves without pressure or judgement. I believe meaningful change happens through understanding yourself more deeply, building self-compassion and feeling supported along the way. I use an insight-oriented, trauma informed approach, integrating practical skills when helpful to support lasting change.

I worked for 15 years in a hospital, providing individual, family, and group psychotherapy. I had the privilege of working with clients from all over the world, with different backgrounds and of various age groups. Currently, I transitioned to work privately providing telehealth therapy. I believe compassion, caring, and the therapeutic alliance are most important in the helping process. These are the core values informing my practice. I use a gentle and creative approach in guiding my clients on their healing journey. I draw from various therapeutic approaches depending on the clients' needs, stage of therapy, and mental health issue. For example, for Bipolar disorder, I combine interpersonal, supportive and CBT modalities in a collaborative and empathic setting. Most importantly, I believe that compassion, openness and acceptance, build a strong therapeutic alliance, key to maximizing a client’s successful outcome.

I am Eneida Farro, a bilingual Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 20 years of experience helping children, adolescents, adults, couples, and families navigate life’s challenges with greater clarity and confidence. My background in both U.S. and Latin American mental health systems allows me to offer culturally sensitive, compassionate care tailored to each client’s unique story. I integrate evidence-based approaches with a warm, humanistic style, creating a safe space where clients can explore their emotions, strengthen relationships, and reconnect with their sense of purpose and well-being.

If you are feeling hopeless, despair and like you are not living your best life and with no purpose, passion, and real joy, you’re not alone. I have an extensive history of working with diverse individuals who struggle with depression, emotion regulation, anxiety, anger, childhood trauma, grief, addiction and other life struggles and psychiatric conditions. I’m a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW), CASAC-Certified Alcohol and Drug Specialist with a warm, genuine, non-judgmental approach that creates a safe space for you to process, explore, heal, and grow. My clients often describe me as someone they feel comfortable talking to.

I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and trauma-informed therapist who supports adults navigating emotional wounds, identity shifts, abandonment, rejection, parent wounds, chronic illness/pain, and life experiences that have shaped how they relate to themselves and others. I approach therapy with presence, curiosity, and respect, creating a space where deeper healing can unfold at a pace that feels intentional and supportive.

Welcome to my practice! My name is Deb and I am a licensed therapist committed to meeting you exactly where you are at in your journey. Are you finding it difficult to reach a sense of balance and serenity in your current situation? You have come to the right place! I will help create a safe space for you in our therapy sessions to explore what may be preventing you from experiencing the life you desire. I use a gentle wholistic approach and will encourage you to move at whatever pace is comfortable for you. I also incorporate humor into sessions when appropriate. Through our time together, we will come up with ways to alleviate your symptoms and restore you back to a place of health. Seeking a therapist is a courageous step toward getting unstuck and moving towards the life you want - I look forward to working together!

I’m a Licensed Clinical Mental Health Counselor and doctoral-level clinician who helps high-achieving, self-aware adults navigate anxiety, burnout, relationship stress, and life transitions. Many of my clients are deeply capable people who appear “put together” on the outside but feel overwhelmed, stuck, or disconnected internally. My work focuses on helping you understand yourself more clearly, regulate your emotions more effectively, and move through life with confidence and intention.

I am an Licensed Clinical Social Worker in NY, CT, and NJ. I have worked with clients to help them overcome stress, anxiety, depression, LGBTQ+ identity, and depression. I enjoy working with individuals who want to work on healing to become a better self and accomplish their goals. I specifically love working with men who identify as gay and/or bisexual having increased stress and need talk therapy.

I’m Tasha Valentino, a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist specializing in helping individuals and couples break free from stress, anxiety, and relational patterns that no longer serve them. My approach is collaborative and empowering—I’ll help you understand the “why” behind your struggles and teach practical, effective tools to create meaningful shifts in your life and relationships. If you’re ready to feel more confident, connected, and emotionally supported, I’m here to help guide that process.

I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 20 years of experience helping adults move through anxiety, relationship challenges, trauma, and the stressful transitions that life can bring. Clients often tell me I’m warm, honest, and easy to talk to, but also straightforward and challenging in a way that helps them make real change and experience growth. I don’t sit back and nod; I’m actively engaged in the process with you. My work combines deep emotional insight with practical tools you can use in everyday life. I draw from CBT, DBT, mindfulness, and psychodynamic therapy, and tailor my approach to what works best for you as a person, not following a generic formula. My goal is to help you feel understood, supported, and capable of change and growth. You don’t have to carry everything on your own, and therapy is a place where you can share, breathe, make sense of things, and start feeling more in control again.

With over a decade of experience supporting adults, adolescents, children, couples, and families, I bring a compassionate, collaborative approach to therapy. I earned my Master's in Social Work from Adelphi University in Garden City, and since then, I've dedicated my career to helping clients navigate life's challenges with resilience and clarity. Whether you're facing anxiety, relationship struggles, family dynamics, or simply feeling stuck, l offer a safe, nonjudgmental space to explore your thoughts and emotions. My goal is to help you shift your perspective, uncover strengths, and build meaningful change-one step at a time. I believe therapy is not just about healing, but about growth. Together, we'll work to improve your outlook and empower you to move with confidence.

Hello! I'm a dedicated mental health therapist with a passion for helping individuals achieve emotional well-being and personal growth. With extensive training, I offer a supportive environment where we can collaboratively address challenges, develop coping strategies, and work towards your goals. Together, we'll navigate through difficult thoughts and emotions, fostering resilience and empowering you to live a more fulfilling and meaningful life. Let's embark on this journey of healing and transformation together.

When I was in my undergraduate studies, I fell in love with the idea that people have abilities, rather than handicap. Then I went to my master's program in Rehabilitation Counseling, and I loved that people get chances to improve their lives. I love seeing my people thrive and learn to live their best lives. I love catching people doing great.

I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor with six years of experience supporting individuals from young adulthood through later life. I’m passionate about helping people navigate life’s challenges with compassion, curiosity, and hope. My approach is deeply patient-centered—I believe therapy is a collaborative journey where clients feel heard, respected, and empowered to create meaningful change. I draw from Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), tailoring each session to meet the unique needs and goals of every person I work with. My priority is to create a safe, supportive space where clients can explore their experiences, build resilience, and reconnect with their strengths on the path toward healing and personal growth.

Hello — I’m so glad you’re here. I’m a Licensed Mental Health Counselor and holistic therapist specializing in anxiety, trauma, grief, relationship dynamics, and deep emotional healing. My work combines traditional psychotherapy with integrative approaches like hypnotherapy, somatic work, and mindfulness-based practices to support people in finding peace, clarity, and empowerment in their lives. I offer a safe, compassionate space where every part of you is welcome.

Hello! I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with 26 years of experience as a therapist. I have worked with adults, adolescents, and children from various backgrounds in community mental health clinics and private practices. I understand that having the courage to seek help can be challenging. I believe in the importance of establishing a safe therapeutic relationship. I am here to support you by applying my knowledge and expertise to help you identify the core of your difficulties and effectively cope with your challenges. I use evidence-based tools that empower you to improve your overall functioning.

Hi, I’m Erin. I’ve been supporting clients therapeutically for over seven years, with a primary focus on youth and young adults. I believe deeply in the power of relationships and family systems to shape who we are and how we heal. My approach is warm, collaborative, and grounded in curiosity. I draw from family systems, cognitive-behavioral, and strengths-based frameworks to help clients explore challenges and build resilience. While much of my work centers around supporting youth, I welcome individuals and families of all ages who are seeking connection, clarity, and growth. I’m passionate about creating a safe, compassionate space where people can be seen, heard, and supported as they navigate life’s complexities.

Are you feeling stuck, unempowered or overall lost? Pain is a part of life, but you don't have to go through it alone. When life gets too overwhelming, we often experience confusion, disillusionment, disappointment, anger, sadness, fear, addiction, or a sense of numbness. I create a non-judgmental and empathetic environment to explore your thoughts and emotions, where we can find solutions together. My goal is to empower you to uncover your strengths and find your path toward building and reclaiming the healthy life you deserve.

have been working in the field of mental health for over 20 years, with experience in group home settings, private schools, crisis outreach, outpatient mental health, and inpatient psychiatric care. I have provided assessments for the Erie County and Domestic Violence Court System and conducted risk assessments in hospital emergency rooms to determine the need for acute psychiatric hospitalization. In my practice, I value the therapeutic relationship and take a strength-based approach to help clients achieve meaningful change. I support both individuals and couples in navigating emotional, psychological, and relational challenges, providing a safe and nonjudgmental space to explore issues such as anxiety, depression, trauma, stress, conflict, and self-esteem. If you are ready to make a change, I am ready to help you reach your goals.

I am a compassionate and collaborative therapist dedicated to helping clients navigate life’s challenges with clarity and confidence. I provide a safe, nonjudgmental space where you can explore your thoughts and feelings, develop new coping strategies, and work toward meaningful change. My approach is tailored to your unique needs, drawing from evidence-based techniques to support your personal growth and well-being.

Hello! I am an LCSW with over 30 years of experience working with adults, children and families. My experience has primarily been in outpatient and intensive outpatient mental health treatment. My goal is to help my clients work toward more peace and confidence as they navigate the challenges of life. My experience is that most people know how they can improve their mood/meet their goals, but need someone to help shine a light on the path forward.

I believe people thrive when they feel heard and cared for, and that belief is at the heart of my practice. In our work together, we’ll explore challenging thoughts, feelings, and life experiences—including relationship dynamics, trauma, and stress—with compassion and clarity. I listen deeply, and collaboratively develop coping strategies that support healing, resilience, and meaningful growth. My goal is to create a non-judgmental space where you feel supported, understood, and empowered to thrive.

I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in the state of New York and Indiana. I have a Masters degree in Clinical Psychology from Antioch University-Los Angeles. Previously, I had a 30 year career in the Film & Television industry. My passions were, the Film business & Psychology. I said to myself, the day I become disinterested in the Film business, I'll go to graduate school, get my degree in psychology and become a psychotherapist. That day came and here I am. I have been practicing since 2009.

Hello! I’m Michelina, though you can call me Michelle. I’m a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) with 12 years of experience, based in Pennsylvania. I hold a Master’s degree from Fordham University, and my focus is on helping adults navigate the challenges of anxiety and depression. Together, we work as a team to manage symptoms and guide you toward becoming the best version of yourself.

I have more than thirty years of experience working with individual and couples in therapy. My approach is direct, practical and solution- focused and warm. I work collaboratively with clients to develop more helpful ways of thinking and responding to life’s challenges, especially during times of transition. Although I am now exclusively in private practice, my background includes many years as a school social worker. I have supported students and parents of children and adults with special needs, with a strong focus on future planning. I also have experience completing foster care and adoption home studies in both public and private settings. These experiences allow me to bring a broad, grounded perspective into my work with clients

I’m Jemila McPhee, LCSW, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with a deep commitment to helping individuals navigate anxiety, depression, trauma, stress, and self-critical thinking patterns. Together, we’ll explore what’s underneath the overwhelm, calm the mental chatter, and build tools that feel authentic and doable. Every session is tailored to meet your unique needs, so together we can move you toward clarity, confidence, and peace.

Hi there, I'm Mauricio. I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor from New York City, and such, have seen or been involved in my fair share situations. I have spent most of my counseling career as an addictions counselor (substance use and problem gambling), and through that experience, I have worked with many co-occurring issues/conditions such as anxiety, bereavement, depression, career/life transitions, and trauma.

Empowering you to heal, grow, and live without limitations. Is it time for you to live life without limits? Do you believe therapy can be both enlightening and enjoyable? Are you ready to embrace your diagnosis instead of avoiding it? If so, you’re exactly where you need to be. Mor Rondo J. Edwards-Roberts is a Licensed Independent Social Worker (LISW-S) dedicated to helping individuals feel seen, supported, and empowered. He believes therapy should be a space where people can explore their identity, gain insight, and develop meaningful tools for real-life change. His approach blends behavioral health models with compassion, cultural awareness, and a commitment to helping clients reclaim control over their lives.

I am a licensed psychotherapist in the state of New York with eight years of professional experience supporting adults navigating stress, anxiety, anger management, life transitions, trauma, ADHD, addiction, and the emotional impact of domestic violence. I help individuals 18 and older who are ready to build healthier patterns, strengthen emotional resilience, and create meaningful change in their lives. I understand that seeking support can feel overwhelming, especially when life feels heavy or uncertain. My role is to provide a safe, open, and judgment-free environment where you can process your thoughts and emotions freely. Together, we will explore your story, identify what’s getting in the way, and move toward a life that feels more grounded, balanced, and fulfilling.

Hello, my name is Laura Savage, and I have had the privilege of working as a Social Worker since 1997. I earned my undergraduate degree from the University of Delaware and later obtained a Master’s in Social Work from Florida International University. Throughout my career, I have had the opportunity to work with diverse populations across a range of settings, including an adolescent residential treatment facility, a hospital, and a nonprofit organization supporting children affected by cancer and their families. Currently, I am employed within a school district, where I provide school-based counseling services to middle and high school students. My therapeutic approach is grounded in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), which I use to help students manage challenges related to ADHD, Autism Spectrum Disorder, and anxiety. I also support students in developing executive functioning skills and strategies that promote academic and personal success. In addition to working with adolescents, I enjoy working with young adults and individuals in midlife. I have completed Gottman level one and two training.

Do you wake up feeling overwhelmed, anxious, depressed? Does it feel like you are struggling to cope and not enjoying life the way you wish you could? Sometimes it's easy to get trapped in the endless whirlwind of negative thoughts and emotions. It can feel so isolating and discouraging. It seems like nothing you try works out, and it impacts every area of your life. I can help you end the constant self-doubt, stop people pleasing behavior, and break out of the negative patterns that don't serve you. We can work together to help you develop positive coping skills, improve communication and change your thought patterns so you can finally feel free, happy and confident to be your authentic self. When you feel ready to make positive changes, I'm ready to help you! Give me a call today, so we can schedule our first session and get you on the road to feeling better now.

Hello, I’m Dr. Ian Griffin, PhD, LCSW-R. I’m a licensed psychotherapist with over 20 years of experience supporting adolescents, adults, and couples through life’s challenges. My clinical focus includes anxiety, depression, ADHD, emotional regulation, relationship concerns, and stress related to work, identity, and major life transitions. I’ve worked across clinical, educational, and community settings, which allows me to bring a grounded, real-world perspective into therapy. My approach is warm, collaborative, and structured, drawing from evidence-based practices such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), and couples counseling strategies. I believe therapy should be both supportive and practical—helping clients better understand their patterns while building tools they can use outside of sessions. I’m passionate about mental health advocacy and empowering clients to create meaningful, sustainable change. My goal is to provide a safe, respectful space where you feel heard, challenged when needed, and supported as you move toward greater clarity, balance, and well-being. I’m based in Wappingers Falls, New York, and offer telehealth services.

My name is Sandy Baker, I am a licensed Mental Health Counselor. I enjoy empowering my clients to cultivate the tools they need to produce a healthier self. I work with different ethnicities, backgrounds, genders. My experience and background guides me to provide the clients a safe space to learn about their mental health, symptoms, triggers and goal-setting. Together we will work to address the changes in life using approaches and techniques that help address each member's challenges so that they can take effective control of their lives.

I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, Certified Clinical Trauma Professional, and Certified Sex Addiction Therapist Candidate based in New York. My aim as a psychotherapist is to walk with you on your journey towards greater self-awareness, improved outlook, and to help you develop the skills you need to better manage your own challenges to live a more fulfilling life with renewed empowerment.

Welcome! I'm Lisa. Are you experiencing stressors related to life changes and its triggering anxiety? Are you feeling burnt out? Do you need help increasing motivation, self-awareness or self-esteem? If you answered yes to any of these questions, you're in the right place! It is best to say that I am the right therapist for you and would love to work with you! I will provide a comfortable and supportive environment, allowing you to discuss life stressors along with freely expressing your emotions. During our sessions, we will explore effective holistic strategies that will help you navigate through life stressors or anxiety. Along with increasing confidence, regulating emotions and overall finding the right balance with life and your mental health. A little bit about me: I am a bilingual (English and Spanish) speaking Licensed Mental Health Counselor, and I have worked as a therapist for 7 years. I have experience working with adults. I am passionate about implementing holistic strategies to help my clients strive. Don't wait any longer, start TODAY and BOOK your appointment!

Hi there! We are licensed in New York and New Jersey . We provide experienced online counseling services. We have experience working with a diverse range of clients and needs; however, our expertise is in supporting individuals dealing with depression, anxiety symptoms, and trauma. To best serve our clients, we incorporate various techniques, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) , Motivational interviewing skills, and Person Centered therapy.

I will let people with whom I worked over the years tell you about me: "Joel focuses on the issues at hand, because he listens very intently. Doesn't get into any psychobabble and provides clear insight to moving forward. Joel encouraged positive takeaways from all sessions." "He s attentive, professional, personable, and kind." "We were able as a family to have Joel's ear as an outside observer. He could extract the most important take away from all that we were working on together and put them into concrete terms. It helped bring clarity and structure to all the things we were trying to do. Having appointments with Joel also helped us to be accountable for the work. Therapy is work. We have to consciously make changes to see the improvements... Joel helped us to stay accountable. " When I came to see Joel I was in a bad place - personally and professionally. I was dealing with unresolved grief and that was impacting my habits and behaviors. After a few short sessions with Joel I started the road back to being the person who I believe myself to be. It has been about 6 months since my first session with Joel - I am now working a good job, I have returned to a hobby that I love and I just completed my first semester of a degree program towards a more rewarding profession (and earned a 4.0 GPA!). Joel helped me realize that I had the ability to determine my own course in life and helped me develop positive habits to achieve my goals." If you want to know more you can visit www.0to10.net.

I’m a licensed therapist who is passionate about helping adults navigate anxiety, depression, relationship challenges, and major life transitions. I value authenticity, emotional safety, and meaningful connection, and I strive to create a space where clients feel heard, respected, and supported. My work is grounded in empathy, clarity, and collaboration, helping clients better understand themselves, build healthier patterns, and move forward with confidence and intention.