Seeking therapy is a courageous step, and I’m here to meet you exactly where you are. I specialize in working with adults who are navigating anxiety, depression, and the complex emotions that come with everyday life. As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker, I believe everyone deserves dignity and respect. I have several years of experience helping teens, adults, and families navigate a variety of challenges ranging from anxiety and depression to trauma and grief. My goal is to create a safe and nonjudgmental space where you feel heard, supported, and empowered to take steps toward meaningful change.
Hello, I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPCS) based in Texas. I have a Doctorate in Counselor Education from Sam Houston State University and have been practicing for about 15 years. In my practice, I prefer to use different interventions to help in the process of healing while focusing on individual choice. I believe in taking a collaborative approach to helping clients reach their goals.
Hi there, my name is Katie Barton. My belief about the therapeutic relationship is this is one built one mutual trust, understanding and respect. My goals include working together to tell your story and develop creative thought and behavioral based solutions to overcome obstacles and develop more balance.
Everyone has a story but sometimes cannot find an outlet to tell it. Do you feel stuck in your head unable to use your voice? Do you feel like patterns keep presenting and you cannot break free? Sometimes this story has deep and dark moments or complex traumas affecting the course of an individual's life. If you have moments in your story triggering PTSD, anxiety or depression, I would love to assist you through this and help change the areas no longer deserving of so much power in your life. I enjoy helping individuals work past areas in their mind causing them to feel stuck and disempowered. I hope to be able to work with you to feel empowered and brave enough to implement changes in your life.
I believe anyone who is seeking therapy services is acting out of bravery and a willingness to improve one or multiple areas of life. I hope to work with you through this process to help you achieve this goal and manifest the change you are seeking in your life!
I am passionate about helping couples and individuals navigate challenges with clarity, hope, and practical guidance. Drawing on faith and lived experience, I create a space where honesty is met with understanding, and growth is grounded in both heart and purpose. Together, we explore patterns, strengthen connection, and take intentional steps toward healthier relationships and a deeper sense of resilience and meaning in life.
My name is Iliana Escandon Morillon and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor. I have experience working with individuals of all ages and backgrounds. I enjoy helping my clients challenge and overcome anxiety, depression and other adjustments in their lives. It takes incredible courage to reach out for help and my goal is to provide a welcoming environment that help clients make positive changes to reach individualized goals.
Hello, I am a Licensed Professional Counselor based in Texas with 15 years of experience in the mental health field. I specialize in helping adult clients navigate life transitions, manage depression and anxiety, communication issues, relationship issues, and address the challenges of trauma. My goal is to provide a safe and supportive environment where clients feel empowered to regain control of their mental health and well-being. I am bilingual and have the ability to support those seeking services in Spanish.
Marlon Martin is an esteemed therapist located in the Pearland, Texas area, bringing over three decades of experience working with individuals and couples. Clients seek Marlon's guidance in addressing a spectrum of challenges, including anxiety, depression, self-esteem issues, substance abuse, and mental health concerns. Notably, Marlon is deeply committed to assisting those who sense untapped potential in their lives, irrespective of the challenges they face, demonstrating a particular passion for this transformative work.
VirtualOffers in-person in Pearland, TX - Accepting clients in TXAvailable
Clients consistently praise my empathy, perceptiveness, practical guidance, and measurable improvements they experience, with one noting: "Tim is empathetic and encouraging. I'm on session 7 seeing improvements. 10/10." I believe therapy should feel like a cozy tea-time chat in your living room, creating a safe space where intimacy and authentic connection flourish naturally. I'm not your typical practicioner.
I bring a holistic, modern approach rooted in CBT, narrative therapy, and trauma-informed care, supporting individuals, couples, and families through dating, marriage, or healing from the past. I tailor my approach to your unique story, helping you find peace, reconnect, and build lasting relationships, whether you're feeling distant, unheard, or weighed down by the past.
Please respect my 15-minute wait policy. Sessions don't always start exactly on time due to back-to-back appointments. Just as clients can be a few minutes late without issue, practitioners deserve that same grace. Lastly, I don't provide documentation for work accommodations, emotional support animals, or leave requests, this includes FMLA, unemployment, etc; so if that's your primary need, I'm not the right fit for you.
Hi there, Do you feel stuck or confused in your mind or relationship? Are you desperate for a change? Or do you just need a safe space to process things? I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist, a Certified Sex Therapist (Candidate) with a doctoral degree in theology. I believe in wholeness, that is Body, Soul, and Spirit and that is a goal I'd love to pursue along yours other goals. I see individuals, couples and pre marital couples.
VirtualOffers in-person in Houston, TX - Accepting clients in TXAvailable
I’m Angela Eaglin, LPC, NCC, BSP, a Licensed Professional Counselor and Brainspotting Level II practitioner. My work bridges clinical skill with social impact. I believe every client is the expert in their own life, and my role is to partner with you to identify strengths, dismantle barriers, and foster growth. Guided by compassion, equality, and effective altruism, I create a supportive space for meaningful healing and change.
Hello! I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) with over a decade of experience in counseling and two decades of work with families. I specialize in anxiety, depression, trauma, relationship challenges, grief, anger management, and various addictions. I work to create a supportive and welcoming environment where clients can unburden themselves and take actionable steps toward healing. My goal is to guide individuals toward wholeness—physically, emotionally, mentally, spiritually, and relationally.
Outside of my practice, I enjoy outdoor activities like hiking, fishing, and camping, playing guitar, and serving in the community. My dream is to one day have my own woodworking shop. I value a balanced approach to life and encourage clients to embrace holistic wellness.
VirtualOffers in-person in Granbury, TX - Accepting clients in TXAvailable
Are you in need of a virtual bestie? Someone who truly gets it? Life can feel heavy, and carrying it alone is exhausting. She supports individuals navigating the emotional weight of everyday life and specializes in anxiety, depression, stress, and life transitions. With a special passion for teens and young adults, she offers a warm, supportive space to heal and grow.
My name is Diana Najera. I have been in this field for 5 years.
Everyone needs someone to talk to and I want to be that person for you. I can provide you tools, techniques and strategies on how to better navigate your anxiety, depression, grief or just everyday life stressors. I dedicate myself to creating a safe and welcoming environment where you can feel understood and valued.
My expertise in cognitive behavioral therapy, grief therapy, narrative therapy, strength-based therapy, combined with a compassionate understanding of your experiences, allows me to guide you towards unlocking your full potential.
I am here to listen, to understand, and to work collaboratively with you to navigate through your unique life journey. Together, we can transform challenges into opportunities for personal growth and find your path towards inner peace. I look forward to being a part of your journey.
I offer multiple modalities grounded in Christian therapy. The Christian-based approach uses the Bible as the authoritative and infallible Word of God to man. As such, it may be understood as the "how to" manual for the human mind. I have been a dedicated and compassionate advocate for clients with moderate to advanced therapy needs for several years and try to approach each client with compassion and respect. Throughout the years I have gained useful experience working with a wide range of population, while developing a speciality area in the treatment of women’s issues and challenges. We will work together to build a treatment plan that encourages your success.
Hello! I’m a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Texas with more than 20 years of experience in the mental health field. I work with clients navigating depression, anxiety, grief, trauma, and other life challenges. For those who desire it, I also provide faith-based counseling from a Christian perspective. I believe each person’s journey is unique, and I tailor my approach to meet individual needs and goals.
Maudlyn Howell-Nwaogwugwu is a Licensed Professional Counselor Supervisor (LPC-S) in Texas with extensive experience in inpatient, outpatient, and private practice settings. She earned her bachelor’s degree in psychology/sociology in 1996 and her master’s degree in counseling psychology in 2005. Her professional calling and ministry of help have been shaped by both clinical training and lived experience with trauma.
Maudlyn specializes in trauma-focused care, including intergenerational trauma, anxiety, depression, and mood-related concerns. She approaches healing as a scientist of the soul, helping individuals explore emotional, relational, and spiritual wounds, reinterpret painful experiences, and develop healthier internal narratives that restore safety and stability.
Inspired by Jeremiah 8:22 and Psalm 1, Maudlyn integrates faith with evidence-based practice. She is EMDR trained and views this work as clearing emotional and spiritual blockages so wounds can heal and lives can become rooted, resilient, and whole.
She walks alongside her folks with compassion, offering a space for reflection, restoration, and peace. Her folks are reminded they are not defined by the words of others, but by their Creator—my folks are a Designer Originals. WELCOME HOME!
VirtualOffers in-person in North Richland Hills, TX - Accepting clients in TXAvailable
Hi! My name is Monica Tapia,
I am a Licensed Professional Counselor Supervisor (LPC-S) based in Texas. I received my master’s degree in counseling psychology from Texas A&M University and have been practicing for 15 years. I work with adults, teenagers, children, families, and couples. My main goal is to assist every individual become the best version of themselves while understanding that process and making it their own.
Feeling lost in the chaos of life or the tough stuff most therapists won’t touch? Hi, My name is John’Neiska "JoJo" Williams and I am a licensed professional counselor in the states TX, GA LA, CO and I can assure you, you’ve come to the right place. Kick off your shoes and relax your feet—because therapy with me will never be a cliché.
Therapy isn’t just venting—I’m not here for small talk. I have a laid-back vibe, but make no mistake I’m here to challenge, teach, and help you grow with real change. No clichés, no endless “How does that make you feel?” I believe that true healing happens when we bring the mind and body into the same conversation. While most people think thoughts lead to behaviors, I’ve seen how often behaviors can shape thoughts and how powerful it can be to work counterintuitively to spark change.
Thats why I focus on the primary use of Counterintuitive Therapy that is rooted in blended approaches from the frameworks of Behavior therapy and Gestalt therapy in a way that’s present-focused, dynamic, and deeply human. Some moments in life demand that we focus on the here and now, while others call for us to explore how the body has been keeping score of past experiences. Some emotions and stress doesn’t fit meet the criteria of a one-size-fits-all model. That’s why I incorporate a range of behavioral tools and more specialized eccentric approaches, including Ketamine & Psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy, DBT, creative expressive play, and counterintuitive skills, all tailored to fit your needs.
Welcome to Your Journey to Healing, PLLC
✨ Your well-being is always my top priority. Since 2018, I’ve been helping individuals, couples, and families across Texas and Missouri through virtual therapy—providing compassionate support that meets you right where you are. My sessions are thoughtfully designed to empower you, build confidence, and gently guide you through healing and growth. Whatever challenges you’re facing, you don’t ever have to face them alone.
Starting therapy can feel intimidating—especially if you’re used to carrying everything on your own. Have you ever been told to "get over it", that whatever you are going through will be okay, or that what you're going through isn't a big deal? Then I can help!
Hi, I’m Debbie, a therapist who believes healing happens through connection, compassion, and honest conversations.
I help people who feel overwhelmed, anxious, stuck, or unsure of their next step. You don’t need to have everything figured out to begin—just a willingness to start.
If this resonates with you, you’re in the right place. 🩷
Hi! I’m an experienced mental health professional and I have worked in a state hospital, many treatment centers, private practice and in state correctional facilities. I enjoy helping people overcome obstacles to live their best lives.
I have enjoyed working in the field of therapy for over 20 years. I have earned a BA in psychology, a Master’s degree in Community Counseling and a Doctorate degree in Clinical Psychology.
There are about 8 billion people on the planet. That means that there can be an abundance of variety from person to person. It is about becoming the expert on yourself. It is about paying attention to what your body tells you and learning how you respond to things. We will work as a team to help create and reach your goals. I work with a variety of issues such as anxiety/phobias, depression, sexual dysfunction, communication issues, and military trauma.
Hi, I'm a License Clinical Social Worker based in Texas. I received my Master in Social Work from Texas A&M-Commerce. I've been a Social Worker for over 20 years. I'm able to help all ages children, adolescents, teens, young and older adults struggling with life whether in the form of mental/ emotional distress, family/ relationship - conflict, career, general transitions throughout life or more personal matters such as self-esteem and self actualization.
I am a Licenced Professional Counselor in Texas and National Certified Counselor. I have a Bachelors from the University of California, Berkeley in Social Welfare and African American Studies, a Masters in School Counseling, and a Certification in Contemporary Mental Health Issues from Capella University. I have 20 years of experience working as a mentor, a teacher, and providing guidance to youth and families.
My goal is to create a safe, supportive space where you feel truly seen and understood. I work from a trauma-informed, relational lens, helping you build resilience, strengthen connections, and move toward the life you want with greater clarity and confidence. Whether you’re navigating personal challenges, healing from past experiences, or working to deepen your relationships, I’ll walk alongside you with compassion and practical tools. If this approach resonates with you, you can easily book a session through my profile and take the next step toward healing and empowerment.
Hi, I'm Aaron. I'm a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) working out of the state of Texas. I've been in the behavioral health field for over 13 years helping people of all ages overcome mental health struggles and substance use issues. I was called to this work because of my own struggles with depression and substance abuse, and, though I had to struggle in order to get where I am, I feel so grateful for my experiences. I have a passion for mindfulness and compassion in my work and like to incorporate deep breathing and other body-based techniques whenever possible because, frankly, these are things that have worked well for me! I believe in the importance of helping you to understand the power of the mind-body connection in order to improve your relationship with yourself and the world around you. I'm a huge proponent of yoga and Brazilian jiu jitsu as healing arts and would encourage ANYONE to try them out.
VirtualOffers in-person in Lockhart, TX - Accepting clients in TXAvailable
Hello, I'm Stacey Hernandez, my personal philosophy on counseling centers on empathy, empowerment, and collaboration. I believe that each individual is unique, and effective counseling involves understanding a person’s specific experiences, struggles, and strengths.
My areas of specialty are in grief and loss, anxiety, depression, stress management, and trauma, with 14 years of experience in counseling in various settings, such as school settings, children's bereavement center, and rape crisis center. I am dedicated to providing personalized care and support to each client.
Over the years, I have had the privilege of helping numerous individuals achieve improved mental health, enhanced coping skills, and increased self-awareness. It would be an honor and a privilege to walk alongside you in your journey toward healing, self-discovery, or achieving your goals.
Hello, I am a Licensed Professional Counselor with 10 years of experience working with adolescents and young and middle-aged adults. I earned an M.Ed. in School Counseling from Texas Christian University, a Professional Counseling Credential from Texas Wesleyan University, and a B.S. in Education from Langston University. I have experience working with clients with depression, anxiety, self-esteem/self-empowerment, job skills, divorce, and an array of other issues.
I am a licensed professional counselor practicing in the state of Texas, who is excited to assist clients with difficult seasons in their lives. I work with children, adolescents, and adults who have experienced anxiety, depression, grief, trauma, and other difficulties. Also, i am a former high school counselor, and I am aware of social/emotional difficulties in schools and the academic requirements for students.
Hello, and thank you for considering my services. I am a husband, father of two, and a person of faith who values family and community. Outside of my work, I enjoy coaching youth sports and supporting the growth of young people.
I am a fully licensed Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) and Licensed Chemical Dependency Counselor (LCDC) with more than 10 years of experience working with individuals, children, and families. I began my counseling practice five years ago and specialize in the treatment of addiction and mental health concerns. I hold a Master of Arts in Professional Counseling from Amberton University and a Bachelor of Science in Business and Human Development. In addition, I completed over 4,000 hours of chemical dependency counseling in both residential and outpatient settings through the Institute of Chemical Dependency, which led to my full licensure as an LCDC. I strive to bring professional expertise, compassion, and understanding into each session, creating a safe space for healing and growth.
I believe my main attribute is being present in the session while attentively listening in effort to discover a clients fears, goals, and ambitions! My experience provides me the ability to provide an eclectic approach to meet the individual or couple's needs.
I strongly believe my life experiences and educational background allow me to be versatility equipped and empathetic towards the potential trauma endured by the individual and family. Let me help you get your life back on track!
Hello, I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker Supervisor (LCSW-S) working in private practice. I graduated from the University of Houston and have over 20 years of experience working in the mental health field in both clinical and management areas. I work with clients who frequently experience anxiety, depression, symptoms of ADHD, grief and self-esteem issues related to early trauma. I am passionate about this work, and I believe that everyone can experience emotional healing. Let's face it, life can be difficult but it doesn't have to be experienced alone. We all need help from time to time, it is what makes us all human!
Hi, I’m DeAnna Dotson, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with a PhD in Human Services and seven years of experience helping adults gain clarity, regulate their emotions, and move through life with more confidence and control. My style is calm, structured, and deeply focused on understanding the root of what you are experiencing.
I help clients slow down, make sense of their thoughts and feelings, and build practical skills that support emotional balance and healthier patterns. Therapy with me is a clear, grounding space where you can think, breathe, and grow without judgment.
Greetings! I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Texas. I have been practicing for over 10 years. I offer services for adolescents, adults, and seniors. I am passionate about helping others on their journey of personal growth and healing. My mission is to provide clients with a compassionate and warm atmosphere that allows them to feel heard and supported as they discover their inner harmony.
VirtualOffers in-person in Houston, TX - Accepting clients in TXAvailable
Maricela DuPriest is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker based in the state of Texas who works with individuals across the lifespan from children to older adults. Maricela's 33 year career as a LCSW-S has focused on ensuring that her clients see real progress or understand that they will learn to manage their challenges. Treatment is interactive, non-judgmental, and she recognizes that many of her clients experience emotional pain which interferes with their level of functioning therefore, she positions clients as the experts on where they are now and where they want to go. She is sensitive to the influence of past experiences on present challenges, and works closely with clients to reframe the narrative of their life in a way that increases self-confidence and compassion.
My name is Leah & I am a licensed professional counselor (LPC) experienced in & passionate about walking with others through difficult spaces & places in life. I have my Master's degree in Professional Counseling from Dallas Baptist University, with additional training in working with trauma, identity, & other life issues. I love to incorporate expressive arts techniques, addressing thoughts (CBT), and a mixture of other modalities to best help serve you as an individual. I am a Christian counselor and approach therapy from this perspective; I am also honoring to people of various religious backgrounds & will meet you where you are.
I am an independently licensed mental health therapist with a Masters degree from Arizona State University. I have over a decade of experience helping adults explore and cope with anxiety and depression while bringing expertise in communication styles and skills to promote healthy relationships. In addition, I will promote self-care and help explore healthy personal and professional boundaries, if needed.
In an atmosphere of acceptance, I will establish and maintain a trusting
relationship to promote your growth and self-direction. I use brief
cognitive-behavioral therapy techniques to assist you with your anxiety,
stress, depression and relationship conflicts.
I provide an environment to help you facilitate your emotional growth.
Whatever your issues, you will begin to understand and grow from them.
It is not my place to tell you how to live your life. Rather, I will help you
make your own decisions by sharing ideas in a caring relationship.
Let's schedule an appointment. And begin your healing journey.
VirtualOffers in-person in Dallas, TX - Accepting clients in TXAvailable
I am a bilingual, licensed clinical social worker with over 21 years of experience working with individuals, parents, children, and families through community organizations. I specialize in working with women and children survivors of crime, domestic violence, and abuse issues. My communication style is warm, empathetic, and collaborative. I believe in creating a safe, non-judgmental space where clients feel heard and validated. Through active listening and thoughtful questions, I help clients gain clarity, identify strengths, and develop practical strategies for reaching their goals.
My name is Dr. Cameron Ortega. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor and a Licensed Chemical Dependency Counselor in Texas. I earned my PhD in Rehabilitation Counseling from the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley. I have worked as a therapist for 16 years. As your therapist, I am here to support and guide you as you work toward your goals.
Hi, I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Texas. I received my master's degree from Louisiana State University. I have worked in inpatient and outpatient settings, gaining extensive experience in cognitive behavioral therapy, person-centered therapy, and mindfulness. I have also come to understand the importance of guiding others through crises. I am here to help you realize your potential and achieve your goals, no matter how daunting they may seem.
I have a PhD in Psychology and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who is licensed in the states of Texas and North Carolina. I have vast amount of experience in addressing Anxiety, PTSD and Depression. I have experience in addressing life experiences, anger management, and marital conflict. My military experience has allowed me to have various approaches to addressing client's needs.
Grief can be overwhelming. It can be sad and lonely when you miss a loved one so much. I can help you through the sadness to be able to live in the next season of your life with peace and joy.
Does this sound familiar?
You want to move past the sadness and grief but instead you feel:
● Like you should be further along in your grieving
● Crying more than you think you should be
● Overcome with sadness and longing of what life was like
● Feeling like everything is moving forward while you are at a standstill
● Afraid of change and the unknown
● Do your thoughts begin to spiral
● Grieving the loss of a relationship - romantic, with family members or friends, complicated relationships with family whom are still alive
● Grieving the loss of a loved one – parents, child, significant other
You may be finding yourself short or easily frustrated with your spouse, children, family, co-workers, difficulty focusing at home or work, crying more than usual and feeling sad/lonely.
Life doesn’t have to stay this way.
Hi, I’m Elisabeth Zaragoza, LPC, and I can help.
I provide grief counseling using a space that is warm and understanding for you to share your loss or life transition. My clients walk away from therapy with me feeling heard, understood, confident and ability to face what lies before them.
Schedule a consultation or an appointment with me.
Hello, my name is Shannon.
I consider myself a caring and insightful therapist who has always had a passion for discovering the beauty in all that I encounter. As a therapist, my goal is to help you uncover the beauty of what lies within, your true potential. I work to equip clients with the necessary tools to tackle the world one issue at a time. I work with adults and couples providing a safe, affirming, non-judgmental space for healing and support. As a humanistic and mindful therapist, I help clients gain a better understanding of their emotions and experiences by establishing a collaborative therapeutic relationship.
Hi! I'm a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) based in Texas. I received my Masters in Counseling and have been practicing for 12 years. I have experience working with various age groups (from adolescents to adults), in different settings (outpatient and in controlled environments), and I am driven to helping others find their sense of identity and empowerment through the struggles they have faced.
Hi! I'm a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) based in Texas. I received my Masters from the University of Rio Grande Valley and have been practicing for 6 years. I help adults struggling with anxiety, depression, stress, and life adjustments and help clients identify their strengths. I have a special interest in working with parents and helping them through the parenting journey including parental stress and perinatal support.
Hi there! Welcome! I am a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) based in Texas. I help marginalized populations heal from anxiety, trauma, and relational conflict through a holistic approach to mental wellness. Have you tried talk therapy and you're looking for more? Do you deal with chronic anxiety, childhood trauma, or difficulty within relationships? I specialize in utilizing Accelerated Resolution Therapy to help clients reprocess how their brain responds to past negative events that cause anxiety and stress. I look forward to working with you on your healing journey!
Hi! I am a Licensed Professional Counselor for 15 yrs based at Laredo, TX. I can help you with issues related to self-esteem, grief, anxiety, depression, and past trauma. I work with trauma victims and women that suffered domestic violence. Currently, working with veterans and issues with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. I have experience working with teenagers and issues of self-image, self-harm, depression, and anxiety. It will be my pleasure to help guide you in your journey to the best version of yourself!
VirtualOffers in-person in Laredo, TX - Accepting clients in TXAvailable
I help couples and individuals find hope, happiness, and peace in their home environment. I can help you delicately explore childhood trauma to see if these past hurts are interfering in your ability to have a healthy relationship. I am an expert in helping couples effectively communicate and co-parent. If the goal is separation, we can work together to learn how to separate in love. I help my clients feel empowered to believe in themselves and focus on maintaining a healthy and fulfilling lifestyle.
After graduating from college with a Bachelor’s degree in Psychology, I earned a Master’s Degree in Social Work with a Micro Social Work concentration, followed by passing the Texas state board exam granting me a license to practice as a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I have worked with individuals and families for over 25 years. My first post graduation position was Director of Child & Adolescent Unit at Intracare Psychiatric Hospital, followed by Director of Adoption Access, then Lead Therapist at St. Joseph's Hospital Adult Unit, and other agency and hospital positions scanning a 20 year period. My professional focus has always been to work with individuals, families and children in need of support, guidance and resources.
Hi! I'm a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) I received my master's from New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary and have been practicing for 16 years. I help adult clients struggling with depression, anxiety, trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder, and relationship and career stressors. I enjoy using Cognitive Behavior Therapy and Cognitive Processing Therapy for PTSD. I also integrate other modalities depending on the need presented.