Therapists in Texas

My therapeutic style is warm, relational, experiential, and direct. I use humor to help clients relax and feel at home where I can. One of the first skills I teach a new client is nervous system regulation. This is a gift that will pay dividends in the future. Somatic approaches are a nice place to start and helps clients to build skills in sitting with the hard moments, slowing down when needed, cultivating curiosity, and deepening their emotional experiences. I encourage self-compassion and self-love as explorations we can make slowly and together, and over time, clients find that this can become comfortable and even joy-inducing. I believe we’re called to grow and change when the strategies that once helped us survive and adapt start causing us problems. This doesn't mean we are broken or need fixing, not at all. In fact, it is those very skills that got you here, and we celebrate that. We might consider safe and tiny ways we can help move beyond old patterns of shame, guilt, people-pleasing, and self-judgment... and into a more authentic life that is a more rewarding, exciting, and consistent way of being who you want to be. Together we aim for more authenticity, more self-forgiveness and and self-acceptance as we work towards the life YOU want.

Hi, my name is Terri Lee Stowe and I am the founder/owner of Engaging Teens Counseling Center, PLLC. I am a licensed professional counselor (LPC) in the state of Texas. I provide in-person and telehealth individual sessions to clients age 11- 25 years of age. My journey in counseling began when I witnessed my middle school students struggling both emotionally and academically and feeling as if I could not help them enough within the field of education. It would be my pleasure to help you/your child to navigate the transition between adolescence and adulthood. It is my goal to engage clients and allow them to feel both seen and heard and learn to recognize their own value as well as personal strengths.

As a social worker for twenty years, I have seen both the incredible hardships that people face as well as human resilience and adaptability. I became a therapist because I believe that healing happens best when we feel seen, heard, and accepted—just as we are. In therapy sessions, I use humor, warmth, and genuine respect to create a safe and supportive space for that purpose.

Hello, I am a Licensed Professional Counselor based in Texas with 15 years of experience in the mental health field. I specialize in helping adult clients navigate life transitions, manage depression and anxiety, communication issues, relationship issues, and address the challenges of trauma. My goal is to provide a safe and supportive environment where clients feel empowered to regain control of their mental health and well-being. I am bilingual and have the ability to support those seeking services in Spanish.

I am a licensed clinical social worker trained in the MSW and PhD program at Loyola in Chicago. I have done graduate studies in Philosphy and majored in Literature, Economics and Finance. I have practiced as a psychotherapist and also taught in the graduate school for over twenty years. I help people understand and work thru the problems we all have in our lives, our relationships and our work.

Hi! I am Mira Brady, a National Board Certified Counselor and Licensed Professional Counselor. I have been a high school counselor for 9 years, and a Licensed Counselor . I am a graduate of Prairie View A & M University, and I earned my Masters in Counseling and a Masters in Educational Administration. I have experience working with individuals and adolescents. I have worked with clients dealing with anxiety, depression, family dysfunction, mental health issues, and so much more. Everyone deserves the right to a happy and healthy quality of life. As an educator for over 20 years, I possess a deep understanding of human behavior and emotional dynamics, coupled with strong communication and empathy skills, making me well-equipped to provide effective therapy and support to individuals in need.

My name is Richard Spires. I believe in the therapeutic alliance. Counseling is a team effort and we get the best results when we work together. Part of my counseling style is that I take time getting to know you and try to truly understand your issues. I have been to counseling myself and had experiences where I felt the therapist was not trying to understand my problems. I told myself that when I become a counselor, I never want any of my patients to feel like I didn't care. So I take pride in getting to know you and understanding your problems. So whenever you're ready to talk, I'm ready to listen.

Hello and welcome! I’m delighted to have you here. With 18 years of experience, I specialize in guiding individuals and couples through the intricate journey of love and healing. Whether you’re recovering from heartbreak, striving to make your marriage thrive, or navigating the complexities of co-parenting after divorce, I am dedicated to supporting you with warmth and understanding. My passion extends to helping those facing fertility challenges, as well as addressing perinatal and postpartum mental health, creating a nurturing space for growth and connection. Additionally, I have specialized training in working with first responders, who often face unique challenges that can affect their relationships. I understand that whether it’s a single traumatic incident or the cumulative weight of various experiences, these challenges can strain both work and home life. Together, we’ll create a judgment-free environment where your accomplishments are celebrated, and your journey toward healing and fulfillment is honored. Let’s embark on this transformative path together, as you reconnect with your authentic self and nurture the relationships that matter most!

We will laugh! We will discover! We will create a plan for change! Intakes are 30 minutes. But regular sessions are 45-55 minutes! Let’s try to get through this challenging time in your life, together! I believe that you are the expert of your story and that you have many strengths that will assist you in overcoming things that challenge you. I can't wait to embark on this journey of healing discovery with you!

Do you struggle with trust? Intimacy? The fear of being rejected? Anxiety, anger, guilt, shame, sadness, self-sabotaging behaviors, substance abuse? These are all common responses to abandonment, trauma, and sexual abuse. There is hope. You can heal. I am living proof that therapy works. I will provide you a safe space built on trust, compassion, reassurance, and optimism based on evidenced-based practice theories and interventions. My goal is to partner with you capitalizing on your strengths to create insights to the why's and how's of your life. Together we can create new healthier thinking patterns and behaviors so you can have the life you have always wanted and deserve. I have experience working with adolescents, individuals, couples, those with addictions, hospice patients, and families, in a variety of settings.

Hello. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor in Texas and received my graduate degree from Texas Tech University. I believe my life experience interacting with different people allows me to provide a distinctive perspective. My goal as a counselor is to assist you in becoming the best you possible. And you are the determining factor in who and what you want to become.

Hello, I'm Priscilla Marie Silva-Guajardo, a Licensed Professional Counselor dedicated to helping individuals improve their mental health and overall well-being. I provide a supportive and non-judgmental space where we can work together to address challenges, explore emotions, and develop practical strategies for better mental health. My goal is to help you navigate life’s ups and downs, understand yourself more deeply, and build resilience for a healthier, more fulfilling life.

Hi! I am a Licensed Professional Counselor-Supervisor (LPC-S) based in Texas. I have over 12 years of experience in the mental health field. I am a trauma informed, person centered, and eclectic therapist. I prioritize cultural humility in my practice to honor each individual's values, beliefs and traditions. I incorporate Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Mindfulness, Mind Body techniques, Motivational Interviewing and Gottman's strategies.

With a background as a high-performing D1 athlete, experience in law enforcement, support for military families and the expectations of the corporate world - I bring a unique perspective to therapy. I understand the mental and physical demands of high performance and offer a compassionate, open-minded space where you can explore your past, present, and future. I have been licensed and practicing since 2010.

Brittney Stokes has a decade of experience working with adults navigating the highs and lows of life. Life has a funny way of forcing you into yourself. The multitude of hardships we as humans face can weigh on us; sometimes it challenges the best and worst of us. Whatever circumstance you may be in no matter how big or small you may think it is; if you find yourself considering needing a professional to talk things over with... Follow that intuitive thought. This is a safe space to be reminded of who you are...or find out who you are. Brittney takes a personalized goal-oriented approach with her clients, understanding that therapy is not one size fits all.

Hi I am a Licensed Professional Counselor licensed in the State of Texas. My specialities include Bipolar Disorder of which I have 7 years experience, diagnosing un-diagnosed disorders, medication management and depression and anxiety. I am also specialized in treating trauma and PTSD with Eye-Movement and Desensitization and Reprocessing Therapy which is my main specialty.

I am a dedicated Licensed Therapist with over 30 years of mental health experience. My seasoned expertise lies in helping adults and couples navigate through complex emotional life challenges while creating a safe space to develop coping strategies in stress management, depression, anxiety, intimate relationship challenges, emotional regulation, and grief. I use an integrative approach to therapy by utilizing various holistic and traditional therapy methods to address the whole person.

My name is Pablo, and I have been working as a clinician for the past fourteen years. I have worked with a variety of clients, including adults and couples. My areas of expertise include anxiety, depression, substance abuse, addiction, marital problems, anger problems, and a wide range of other mental health concerns in both clinical and hospital settings. My goal as a clinician is to help people gain a better understanding of the challenges that can arise in daily life and how to maintain a healthy balance so that these problems do not define them. I want to help my clients understand the true purpose of counseling and how it can empower them to grow as individuals. I am passionate about helping people build the tools they need to live fulfilling lives. I hold a Bachelor of Arts in Psychology with a minor in Faith Development. I also have a Master of Arts in Professional Counseling. I am committed to providing my clients with the highest quality of care.

Everyone has their own unique story and I will work to understand yours. I work with a variety of people including individuals, couples and families from a wide variety of professions, family situations, race, age and religious affiliations. Some of the issues I have experience and success working with are sexual dysfunction, infidelity, communication issues, trauma, and mental disorders. My approach looks at the entire person and the “system” in and surrounding them. I examine elements of people’s lives like their physical well-being, emotional coping and conflict resolution skills. We will work together in developing helpful behaviors and collaborate to create a safe place to develop emotional and physical wellness.

Shelena is a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor in the state of Illinois and a Licensed Professional Counselor in the state of Texas. She has worked in the field of mental health for 10 years and in private practice for the past 5 years. She has experience working with individuals, couples, and families. She received her BA in Psychology with a minor in Chemistry and her MA in Clinical Mental Health Counseling. She loves working with individuals to help them reframe negative thinking and behaviors. She utilizes treatment modalities such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Person Centered Therapy, and Reality Therapy. She believes that given the right tools we all can become the best version of ourselves.

It has been my pleasure to serve as a Licensed Professional Counselor for more than 30 years, in the clinically effective treatment of anxiety, depression, stress management, loss adjustment, relationship issues, and PTSD/trauma. Utilizing cognitive behavioral therapy in a warm, engaging interactive style, my intent is to help each person experience effective communication and personal growth in a safe, non-judgmental environment.

I am licensed in Texas with over 20 years of Therapy experience. I have experience in working with children, adolescents, and adults. I received my M.S at William Carey University in Psychology. My treatment approach is CBT, solution-focused, and client-centered. I specialize in working with individuals with anxiety, panic attacks, depression, PTSD, grief, marriage and family related problems, stress, and LGBTQ+.

I’m a Licensed Professional Counselor Supervisor (LPC-S) and former ER nurse with a holistic, client-centered approach to therapy. I specialize in helping individuals navigate life transitions, grief, anxiety, identity exploration, and relationship challenges. My dual background in mental health and medical care gives me a deep understanding of how emotional and physical health intersect, especially for clients managing chronic stress, trauma, or invisible burdens.

Hello!!!! I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) based in the great state of Texas but also licensed in Florida. I also hold a doctorate and 15 years of experience. I help adults cope with life stressors. I also help clients find solutions to some of the tough issues that life will take us through. I also provide new perspective in spaces that are welcoming and nonjudgmental.

Hello! I'm Michelle Parker, a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) in Texas with 16 years of experience. I hold master's degrees in Addiction Counseling and Professional Counseling from Grand Canyon University. I specialize in guiding both young adults and older adults through significant life transitions. Whether you're navigating depression, anxiety, or anger management, my goal is to help you overcome these challenges and achieve your full potential. I'm passionate about empowering individuals to find their strength and build a more fulfilling life.

Howdy! My name is Miquelle and I’m a licensed professional counselor in Texas. I have my bachelors degree in psychology from Texas A&M University. I then completed my masters degree at the University of St. Thomas. I have a background working in residential treatment facilities with children, adolescents, young adults and families. I take a person centered approach with my clients and believe that everyone deserves respect and a safe place to explore and grow as individuals. I firmly believe that people must first accept where they are in order to create change. I also incorporate both CBT and DBT skills in my practice with clients.

I have 20+ years as a licensed professional counselor and 15 years post graduation in clinical psychology. My virtual practice focuses on women and men who are seeking to reduce depression and anxiety while enhancing positive mood. These sessions are priced by your insurance company. I have in person sessions working with individuals and families of all ages. Clients are taught coping strategies to manage difficult feelings. My approach is to conduct evaluations, design treatment plans, and facilitate individual therapy. My educational background includes an undergraduate degree in psychology from Texas A&M University, a master's degree in professional counseling from Texas State University and a Ph.D. in clinical psychology from Alliant International University. My doctoral dissertation was "Childhood Near-Death Experiences and Psychotherapy." In 2009, this research study won an award for meeting the California Mental Health Services Act requirements for research about spirituality.

Kelly Hays is a LCSW-S, practicing in Social Work since 1989 after graduation from Our Lady of The Lake University of San Antonio, TX. Kelly is a Retired Navy (Hospital Corpsman) /Army (Social Work Officer) Veteran and has served in Family Advocacy, Hospice, Outpatient Mental Health, Inpatient Mental Health, Physical Rehabilitation, Juvenile Probation, Veteran Services over the past 30 plus years. Kelly has served as a “Life-After-Loss” facilitator for the American Cancer Society as well as a “Stephen-Ministry Leader” in Two Lutheran Congregations in the past. Kelly has also taught for “Park University” (Sociology) and UTSA. (Social Work) and St. Philips College (Medical Terminology) previously. Kelly is also a Social Work Supervisor for those seeking LCSW licensure. Kelly has an eclectic approach to therapy as well as experience in CBT, Motivational Interviewing, is trained in EMDR and has training in Accelerated Resolution Therapy (ART). Kelly also is a professional member of CHADD (Children and Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder), National Association of Cognitive Behavioral Therapists, (NACBT) American Association of Christian Counselors (AACC) National Association of Christians in Social Work (NACSW)

I hold sessions in the afternoons and night between 2:30 pm and 2:00 am Central Standard Time. The calendar here does not show sessions after 9 pm. If you would like to meet after 9 pm, please sign up for a session here, using any day/time and then message me though the interface with your needs/wants to schedule at a different time. I have been a therapist since 2015 with experience working with adolescents and adults suffering from trauma, grief, depression and anxiety. I have been honored to help people with a broad spectrum of backgrounds, circumstances and severities of trauma and concerns. Some examples: I have been the trauma specialist at juvenile detention centers, worked at Children's Advocacy Center, worked with those with chronic pain and long-haul covid, worked with those trying to resolve current struggles and wanting help with their mental health. I have a holistic viewpoint and believe in a mind-body-spirit connection of wellness. I believe in being in the moment with you, where you are, and will work at your pace towards your journey of healing and growth and I will help you with setting and working towards goals. Thank you for considering me to be your therapist. I look forward to joining you on your journey.

You wake up worried about the day ahead before you even get out of bed. At work, you're scared of making mistakes, it feels like everyone's waiting for you to mess up. When friends invite you out, you say “yes” but inside, you're nervous about going. At home, instead of relaxing, you keep thinking about awkward things you said or did, wondering what kind of impression you left on everyone. It feels like your brain won't turn off these thoughts that make you feel not good enough, and it's exhausting. These anxious thoughts are undercutting your confidence and affecting both your professional and personal relationships.

My name is Sandra McKnight, I am Licensed Clinical Social Worker in the state of Texas, I love serving my clients, who are struggling with stress and anxiety, coping with grief and loss, career difficulties, & coping with life changes. I believe that you are the expert of your story and that you have many strengths that will assist you in overcoming things that challenge you. Taking the first step to seeking a more fulfilling and happier life takes courage. I am here to help you navigate the complexities of life and promote positive change. Together we can explore the path towards healing, growth, and a renewed sense of wellbeing.

Hello/Hola my name is Sandra Villarreal and I’m a bilingual therapist with her License Clinical Social Worker (LCSW)that is here to help and assist with your mental health well being. I believe if you take care of your mental health, your physical health will align. You can then be the best version of yourself which will lead to improving your quality of life.

I began my counseling journey as an adolescent, and eventually became a school counselor over a decade ago working with elementary to high school aged kids. I quickly learned that school counselors are not able to equip their students with necessary tools and as a result I began to pursue my LPC. As a fully licensed therapist in Texas I value the trust my clients instill in me and together we work to address any and all client concerns to allow them to live their best life.

Working together once you realize your inner power, both therapist and client collaborate on cultivating that inner strength. For example, I've worked with individuals dealing with self-harm, formerly referred to as cutters/self-mutilation. Also, I worked with SI/HI, depression, anxiety, people with AH/VH/TH and paranoia, addictions, relationship issues, trauma/abuse, grief, eating disorders, sleep disorders, self-esteem, Bipolar, coping with life changes, attachment issues, body image, developing healthy boundaries. Counseling is a collaborative process, "Working together for a better tomorrow."

Hey! I’m Lauren and my goal is to be your process partner on your therapy journey, helping you navigate big emotions and answer tough questions. I feel privileged to be able to hear your story and honored if you choose to share it with me. After almost 10 years in this field I still can’t wait to learn more and share what I have learned with you.

Hello, I am glad you took the time to read my biography. I am a Licensed Professional Counselor who has a heart for people who are looking for empowerment and growth. I personally know what this feels like and how difficult it can be. I was blessed to have people in my life to help me during my "trying times." Honestly, I still do. I am Bi-lingual, (Spanish) and have been practicing for 13 years. I have worked with teenagers, adults, and couples. I do not work with children due to my lack of training. My experience entails working with addictions and various disorders. I believe in both therapy and medication and am cultural competent to utilize as resources. My heart is working with trauma and am certified in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. I believe that my job is to have my clients get to the point where they are no longer needing my services. That's right, to get myself fired! I believe that we were created in the image of the Creator which means the ability to love and be loved and to have the freedom to make wise decisions which help navigate us through this journey we are on. Thank you again for reading my biography. I wish you the freedom you are looking for and believe YOU ARE WORTH IT!

I am a licensed clinical social work board approved supervisor in the state of Texas. Originally from the evergreen state, Seattle Washington. I graduated top of my class from the university of Washington school of social work, advanced standing program. Endorsed by child welfare training and advancement program (CWTAP) my primary concentration was in children youth and families. After relocating to Houston Texas I began my journey into mental health. I create a safe and nurturing environment where you can explore your inner self, confront challenges, and cultivate resilience. I am dedicated to guiding clients on a transformative journey that fosters self-discovery and lasting fulfillment, by embracing their unique paths clients are able to cultivate a deeper sense of welI-being.

Hi I am Dianne Dabney I am a License Professional Counselor. I works at creating a safe and relaxing environment in which people feel comfortable enough to share their story. My therapeutic interventions include Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and other interventions such as Solution Focus, Motivational Interviewing. My focus is providing effective tools to help people manage their concerns. My clients have stated they enjoy being heard, being better equipped and feeling supported.

My name is Shari Wofford. I am an LCSW with 15 years of experience working with individuals from all walks of life. I really enjoy listening to people. I know and enjoy getting down to the nitty-gritty and tackling the issues you want to address. I strive to create a safe and accepting environment that allows clients to explore obstacles with concerns related to anxiety, depression, boundaries, life changes, and medical stressors. My goal is to help you find healing solutions and work to develop assertive communication & boundaries. I want to help you improve your quality of life with yourself and relationships with those around you. Counseling can foster personal development in whatever way you may be seeking and help build the life you so deeply deserve. If that's what you're looking for, I'm here when you're ready to share.

My name is Tammy Hicks. I am a licensed Professional Counselor and have been fully licensed since 2009. I am married with 13 y/o twins (B/G). I love spending time with my family, friends, and dogs. I also enjoy reading, traveling, and watching shows. I have experience working with different populations in several different environments. I have experience working with, anxiety, depression, relationship issues, and more. I am trained in CBT but will always tailor sessions towards what is best for the client.

I help individuals manage chronic mental health conditions, and work with those who are feeling stuck and overwhelmed in their current life situations. We will focus on managing your symptoms, and then dive deeper into addressing the root causes. We will work together on resolving these challenges to help you heal, feel more comfortable with yourself, and work towards a happier and more meaningful life.

I am a native Texan who has lived and worked in the Houston area for most of my career. I have a background in mental health providing services to individuals struggling with trauma, anxiety, depression, grief any issues that cause distress. I have a passion for helping those that hurt and see change possible. My faith has informed and enriched my personal life and professional career. I am very proud to be trained in EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing) I do mainly focus on TRAUMA. I have an MA in Professional Counseling from Liberty University and a BA in Psychology from the University of Houston. I look forward to meeting you! reception+Susan11867@growtherapy.com

As a former football coach, I have developed an approach to therapy that will allow me to utilize coaching concepts to address the needs of my clients. It encompasses a direct approach to address problems with the a level of understanding and empathy that will support a change in behavior. This works well with my CBT background. Therefore I have branded myself as The Therapy Coach. Which means that I am more than just a therapist to my clients.

I am a licensed psychologist who enjoys working with clients who may be struggling with depression or difficult life situations that have them feeling stuck. I strive to meet clients where they are to begin working toward a healthy, value-based life. I work to help clients identify their strengths and to build on them to overcome the mental health challenges they are facing. I am a solution-oriented psychologist and thus work to help clients identify practical solutions to their life situations.

Hi! I'm Elizabeth Parrish, a Licensed Professional Counselor in Texas with over six years of experience. I hold a Master’s degree from Dallas Baptist University and am passionate about helping individuals navigate challenges like anxiety, depression, trauma, and low self-esteem. My work often focuses on issues stemming from relationship difficulties, work stress, family dynamics, and other life stressors. As a compassionate therapist, my goal is to work collaboratively with you to discover peace, clarity, and confidence. I strive to create a supportive, honest, and authentic therapeutic relationship where you feel truly seen, heard, and valued. Together, we’ll work toward building the life you deserve.

Starting therapy can be intimidating and I am here to assist you taking that step. If you're navigating anxiety, burnout, or unresolved pain, I offer grounded, body-aware therapy rooted in nervous system healing, EMDR, somatic tools, and deep listening. My approach is relational, steady, and tailored to your lived experience. You won’t get surface-level strategies you’ll get a space to finally exhale. Clients choose me when they want real change, at a pace that honors their story. Together, we’ll build emotional clarity, stability, and a deeper connection to who you truly are.

Hi! I'm a Licensed Professional Counsellor (LPC) based in Texas. I received my Masters from St. Mary's University and have been practicing for 13 years. I assist adults in navigating life's challenges by exploring solutions and cultivating proper coping mechanisms. I would like to enhance your resiliency and aim to provide services in a caring and nonjudgmental space where you can grow.

I am a Licensed Professional Counselor in the state of Texas. I obtained my Master’s of Science Degree in Counseling from The University of Houston, Clear Lake in 2005 and have been professionally licensed for 7 years. I am also a proud, female, United States Military Veteran. I have experience working with individuals, couples, families, and young adults struggling with a multitude of issues to include depression, anxiety, parenting skills, infidelity, sex addiction, intimacy concerns, suicidal ideation, self harm, grief, PTSD, addiction, abuse, trauma, and ADHD. I have also worked with individuals who are experiencing career challenges or transitions and have a vast amount of knowledge to help individuals prepare for a successful Post Secondary Educational experience. I have personally faced a number of struggles throughout my life which I successfully overcame and find much joy in teaching skills to help others overcome obstacles. We all need each other to get through life. I would love to work with you to help you resolve whatever problems you are facing and to help you find happiness, peace, and strength.

Hi, I'm Sisily and I'm excited that you have taken the time to read a bit about me. I believe that the therapy journey will show improvements in your life as you reach towards the goals you have for healing, self-improvement, growth and any other goals you have. We all deal with various levels of anxiety and depression through-out life; and learning to manage this is a big focus for me. To admit we go through these emotions during stressful times only allows for the tools to be learned to help us push through these emotions. I've been in the counseling profession for about eight years. My passion for healing and self-realization led me to this and I implement and live out the things I share with others. I hope that while on your search to find a therapist; you find that I am a good fit for you.

Welcome! I earned my doctorate and master's in counseling and psychology from Texas A&M University. My passion lies in working closely with individuals facing a variety of challenges, including relationship issues, anxiety, stress, depression, divorce/grief, workplace dissatisfaction, cross-cultural concerns, generational trauma, parenting struggles, PTSD, life transitions, and self-esteem issues. Perhaps you're in a place where juggling life's various aspects feels like an uphill battle, or you find yourself wrestling with persistent feelings of anxiety or sadness. Regardless of the severity of your struggle, together, we can pinpoint what is holding you back and integrate methods that support your healing and empower you to navigate life's challenges. You've already taken one of the hard steps – reaching out for help! I'm eager and committed to supporting you on your journey to the next, more fulfilling chapter of your life, all within a non-judgmental space. Let's embark on this journey together, navigating your suffering and developing improved coping mechanisms to manage difficult relationships, ultimately helping you find your path toward a more fulfilling chapter in your life. *Please note that appointments after 6pm are VIRTUAL only.*