My name is Kelly Franklin and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor with a Mental Health Service Provider designation (LPC-MHSP) in Tennessee. I specialize in helping individuals who are experiencing trauma, PTSD, anxiety, depression, grief, and navigating significant life changes. I am passionate about providing a safe non judgmental space where you are seen and heard. Together we can outline the steps to reach your goals of healing and well being. It is such a wonderful journey!

I am licensed in Tennessee with 10+ years of professional work experience. I have experience in assessing clients with coping with grief and loss, parenting issues, anger management, & coping with life changes. I work with my clients to create an open and safe environment where thoughts and feelings can be shared without fear of judgment. Taking the first step to seeking a more fulfilling and happier life takes courage. I am here to support them in that process.

Greetings! I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) based in Tennessee. The past 23 years I have worked in a variety of therapeutic roles in a variety of populations. I specialize in treating trauma and women's issues, but I don't exclusively see women. My job is to make you feel safe and comfortable when doing the work, and I am pretty good at it. Looking forward to getting to know you and walk along your recovery path together.

Therapy is a work of my heart. I have over 25 years of experience as a therapist and consider it a privilege for individuals to share their stories, often including their pain as well. I value individuals who take the courageous step of coming to therapy for the first time or starting anew with me. I am curious by nature and provide space for people to share their stories; I may also ask questions to delve a little deeper. I value humor in the healing process. When it's appropriate, I may say something to lighten the mood, as therapy can be difficult at times. My faith shapes my life and gives me hope, and I hold hope for every person I meet as I believe they are valuable, resilient, and capable of change.

My name is Stacey Wrightsman! I am a licensed professional counselor (LPC-MHSP) in Tennessee. Reaching out for help is a brave step. Perhaps you are looking to talk to someone but you are unsure about what it is you are wanting from therapy. If that describes how you feel, I want you to know that this is perfectly okay. We can work together to create a list of goals for your therapy experience. I specialize in helping people with concerns about their mood, adjusting to life changes, addiction, and more. Please be advised that I see patients every other week as I also work rotations at a psychiatric hospital.

Greetings, My name is Norman Shaffer and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in the state of Tennessee. I have been practicing as a social worker for over a decade now. I enjoy working with adults who are actively seeking a positive change in their life. I like to partner with clients and guide them towards better outcomes and a healthier balance in life.

I have dedicated more than 30 years of my life to the helping profession of Social Work. I have worked tirelessly to advocate for the poor, elderly, disabled and those struggling with substance use and mental health challenges. I prefer to be in the present, listen to the client and partner with them to come up with a plan to meet their unique set of challenges and opportunities, not just just meet short term goals but make therapy a way to teach long term ways of coping that aid in meeting challenges in the future and not dependent on the therapist but through inner strengths that are fostered in therapy as ways to build up self-esteem, cultural pride and self worth.

Hi ~ I'm a Licensed Professional Counselor in Missouri and Tennessee; I have been licensed for 13+ years. My focus is to help people learn how to manage anxiety and depression so as to live a more fulfilling life. I will provide resources, teach skills, and provide encouragement to help make changes. We will collaborate to make a plan for long term success.

I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in Tennessee. I have worked with clients with a wide range of concerns including anxiety, stressors/life changes, relationship issues, grief and loss, domestic violence, eating disorders, and those who have experienced physical or emotional abuse or trauma. I have also worked in the field of hospice, terminal illness, and end of life care. My counseling style is warm and interactive. I treat everyone with compassion, respect, and cultural sensitivity. My approach combines cognitive-behavioral, empowerment and strengths based, trauma-based, and rational-emotive counseling. I also implement Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing (EMDR) to address trauma when applicable. I will design our sessions and treatment plan to meet your specific and unique needs. It takes courage and strength to seek help and support. This is one of the first steps for change. I am ready to support and empower through this journey to seek a happier and more fulfilling life.

Hello, my name is Shamicka Cannon, LCSW, and I am passionate about walking alongside individuals and families as they navigate life’s challenges. My goal as a therapist is to provide a safe, supportive, and nonjudgmental space where you feel seen, heard, and empowered to create meaningful change. I believe healing and growth happen when we learn to understand ourselves, challenge unhelpful patterns, and embrace healthier ways of living. I work with children, adolescents, and adults who are experiencing challenges such as: Anxiety, depression, and trauma Behavioral difficulties and emotional regulation struggles in children and teens Life transitions, stress, and relationship challenges Grief, loss, and unresolved pain from the past Individuals seeking personal growth, healing, and stronger coping skills Whether it’s a young person learning to manage emotions, an adult working through stress and trauma, or a family striving for stronger communication, I tailor my approach to meet each client where they are. Through our work together, my clients gain: Clarity and self-awareness about their thoughts, emotions, and behaviors Practical tools and coping strategies to manage stress, anxiety, and difficult emotions Healing and resilience in the face of past trauma or current challenges Improved relationships through healthier communication and boundaries Confidence and empowerment to live in alignment with their values and goals Ultimately, my mission is to help clients feel more in control of their lives, more hopeful about their future, and more connected to themselves and others.

Our past experiences often influence how we view ourselves and interact in relationships. Sometimes, those patterns stem from pain and continue to affect us in ways that can keep us feeling stuck or disconnected. If you’re seeking healing and growth with a desire to or break negative cycles and are ready for change, I’d be honored to help you navigate what comes next and walk alongside you.

Hello and welcome. I am an LCSW who has 28 years of experience providing therapy to a wide array of clients. I enjoy meeting clients where they are at and helping them to discuss their issues, look at obstacles to making changes, make expectations that are more realistic, and helping them to learn new skills to decrease the negative effects on their life.

I am passionate about developing safe, meaningful relationships to help you explore challenging belief systems that may be getting in the way of you becoming and feeling your best self. I have over 20 years of experience working with youth and adults. My passion is helping women through varying life transitions to become overcomers of their circumstances. Through a variety of therapeutic modalities, individualized to meet your needs, I can help you transform thought patterns that may be leading to anxiety, depression, low self-esteem or that may have resulted from trauma, grief and loss, etc. I enjoy helping women find a work/life balance as well as helping mothers looking to build stronger relationships with their children. I love building relationships with people; therefore through a strength-based and collaborative approach, we will work together to identify tools that will help improve your ability to communicate with others, strengthen relationships, and build skills.

I am licensed clinical social worker offering therapy services that are tailored to the individual needs of each client. I graduated from University of Tennessee in 2013 with a Masters of Science in Social Work. I am a proud Army Veteran, who served as a mental health provider in Kuwait. I have worked extensively in the Veteran and LGBTQ+ community. I am passionate about improving mental health. My approach to therapy is both caring and compassionate, focused on helping clients identify and address their personal goals.

I am a Licensed Professional Counselor – Mental Health Service Provider (LPC-MHSP) with seven years of experience helping individuals navigate life’s challenges and work toward meaningful change. My background includes working with clients across a wide range of ages, from adolescents to older adults, which has given me a strong understanding of the unique needs and perspectives at different stages of life. I hold a Bachelor’s degree in Psychology and a Master of Science in Counseling, which provide the foundation for my work in mental health.

I am a native Memphian who enjoys spending time with my husband and two daughters. My career as a counselor began in the school setting where I served as a middle school counselor. I earned the nickname of "adolescent whisperer" from making deep and meaningful connections with teens and their families. I wanted to extend my services beyond the school setting, thus I earned the mental health license that allows me to practice outside of the school setting as well. I counsel from the belief that we are all imperfect beings working to navigate life’s challenges. I love to motivate clients to become the best version of themselves while attentively acknowledging their current situation without judgment.

I am a licensed professional counselor and a mother of two grown children and one grandson. Teaching was my first career and counseling is my second career. I am an empathetic, client-centered therapist who is action-oriented. I teach my clients how to discover alternatives and solutions to their problems. I want my clients to feel that I am really helping them with targeted treatments, and I want them to feel extremely at ease with me and be able to trust me. My goal is for them to improve over time and not feel that they are wasting their time in therapy.

Hello, my name is LaTisha, professionally known as "TishatheTherapist." As a Licensed Professional Counselor and Mental Health Service Provider (LPC, MHSP), I am committed to providing a safe, non-judgmental space for women to explore their emotions. As a women's mental health specialist, my practice is founded on three core principles: a secure environment for sharing personal experiences, practical education for empowerment, and compassionate support to navigate challenging situations.

I am a Licensed Clinical Professional Counselor (LCPC) in Illinois and a Licensed Professional Counselor Mental Health Service Provider (LPC-MHSP) in Tennessee. I am an Army Veteran and I specialize in trauma and grief. I have experience treating many other mental health issues including: bipolar disorder, OCD, depression (postpartum and clinical), anxiety, personality disorders, chronic illness, domestic violence and life transitions.

Hi! I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker providing services in Illinois, Tennessee, and Florida. I've been working with children and adults since I received my Masters in Social Work in Iowa. I enjoy working with children, teenagers, and adults and have worked with clients through private mental health agencies, within the public school system, and through special education services.

If you've ever wished your brain came with a user manual, you're not alone. Life can get complicated. Sometimes our minds make it even more complicated. For more than 31 years, I've helped people of all ages work through anxiety, depression, stress, relationship challenges, self-doubt, and the effects of difficult life experiences. My approach is practical, collaborative, and focused on helping you make meaningful changes—not just talk about problems. If you're tired of overthinking, feeling stuck, or carrying burdens that seem heavier than they should be, therapy can help. Together, we'll identify what's getting in the way and develop strategies that fit your life and goals.

Hello! I am a licensed clinical social worker (LCSW) who graduated in 2009 from a small college in Pennsylvania. Currently, I live in North Carolina and I am licensed here and in Tennessee. Originally, I am from Connecticut, but I have lived all over this country and have lived overseas as well when I was in the Peace Corps. I have been working mainly with adults who are living with anxiety, depression, and trauma. My focus is to help people live their best life. I do this through the therapy process, but I also try to include humor in our sessions.

I received my Master's in Psychology from Pepperdine University and have specialized training in whole-body healing techniques like EMDR, Brainspotting, & Nutritional Psychology. My passion lies in empowering clients to develop adaptive skills and invite meaningful change into their lives. Together, we can explore new ways of being and break free from old patterns that may be holding you back. .

I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in TN with a varied background of experience and knowledge. I love helping clients identify what is holding them back in their lives and work on meeting new challenges with comfort and healing. My goal is to make clients feel comfortable and safe while they share their thoughts and feelings. I am here to be supportive but not tell you have to run your life- that is YOUR decision. I sort through the options, the barriers and the coping strategies available.

I am a licensed therapist dedicated to helping adults navigate life’s challenges with clarity, confidence, and compassion. My goal is to provide a safe, supportive space where clients can explore their thoughts, emotions, and experiences without judgment. I believe everyone has the capacity for growth, healing, and fulfillment, and therapy can be a powerful step toward reaching that potential. I work with women and men who are managing stress, anxiety, perfectionism, or significant life transitions such as parenthood, career shifts, or relationship changes. Many of my clients are striving to balance multiple roles while also wanting to prioritize their own happiness and well-being. In our work together, I may use different modalities such psychodynamic, cognitive, humanistic, and group therapy to meet each client’s unique needs. We may explore underlying patterns, identify and shift unhelpful thought processes, and build on existing strengths. My role is to support clients in gaining insight, developing effective coping tools, and creating healthier ways of thinking, feeling, and relating. Clients often leave therapy with a deeper sense of self, improved resilience, and the confidence to make meaningful changes. My mission is to empower both women and men to move beyond what holds them back and build lives of balance, purpose, and fulfillment.

Through my years of practice I have come to understand that the most important factor in having a positive and productive therapy experience is the solid collaboration between the therapist and the patients. In a trusting, confidential and empathic environment one can manage challenging issues and find a way towards self improvement and further growth. I provide support and guidance and encourage self determination to help my client reach goals that are important to them. It's a valuable partnership in which I hope to assist in finding a way to more fulfilling relationships, more satisfaction and greater self esteem.

Hello! I am a Licensed Professional Counselor-Mental Health Service Provider in the state of Tennessee. I received my Master of Science in Clinical Mental Health Counseling from Capella University. I help adolescents and adults through some of life's most challenging circumstances and give them the space they need to process such events and experiences. I want to assist you through your past and current adversities.

Hello! I'm a Licensed Professional Counselor with an MHSP designation, bringing 8 years of experience supporting teens, adults, and couples facing challenges related to grief, anxiety, depression, life transitions, and cultural issues. My approach involves helping clients identify obstacles to achieving their optimal selves, fostering a healthy mental health lifestyle. I work collaboratively with clients to understand and manage life difficulties, equipping them with the skills to thrive in various circumstances. My primary focus is on utilizing Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) to support clients on their journey towards growth and healing.

Hi! My name is Amanda and I am a Licensed Professional Counselor. I worked in the addiction field for 4 years. I have worked in the mental health field for seven years. I am a Certified Clinical Trauma Professional. I love helping people overcome obstacles to lead a healthy and fulfilling life. I myself have dealt with my own personal trauma and I know how hard of a journey it can be. I am a major nerd. I love Marvel, DC, Japanese anime, books, and more. I bring to the table a non-judgmental environment where I hope you can feel at ease and safe.

I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) based in Kentucky, Florida, South Carolina (self-pay only), and Tennessee with 8 years experience working with people making change in their life. I have worked with people challenged by depression, anxiety, trauma, abuse, and life changing situations. My approach is solution focused, client centered, and strengths based drawing heavily from Cognitive Behavioral Theory. When working with clients I strive to make the therapy experience genuine, positive, respectful, and safe. I believe that you have the ability to rewrite your own story with support from a professional. Taking the first step to sign up for therapy can take courage and I am proud of you for getting started! I am excited to meet you and work together to identify your goals and make plans to achieve them! Be proud of yourself for taking this first step to your new narrative!

You have taken the first step and you are here. Let's get started! I am highly motivated and compassionate about providing safe and realistic therapy designed to meet your needs. As a therapist who believes that therapy should help you in real life. I want us to work together to thrive instead of just surviving. My practice is designed to include all walks of life such as professionals, stay-at-home parents, teens and adolescents, entrepreneurs students, family, friends or someone who seeks direction and personal management. Therapy should be non-judgemental, helpful, and affirming. I look forward to hearing from you so we can begin your therapy journey that aligns with your future! Are you still having doubts? It is okay! Let's do something about it! Are you ready for the next step? If so, select a time below that aligns with our schedules!

It takes courage to surrender and reach out for help. I help people who are in Transition in their lives, whether it is loss of a person, a pet, a job, a relationship, or the secondary losses experienced through chronic illness, chronic pain and terminal diagnosis. I am a Transition Specialist helping people to be able to cope through the changes with dignity and grace. Lowering anxiety levels, frustration levels and assisting people in being able to manage the big emotions, difficult decisions and sometimes challenging relationships while going through the changes and transitions in life.

Hello and welcome. It means a lot that you’ve taken this step. Every person carries such a unique story shaped by resilience and strength. Sometimes, those stories can feel heavy or overwhelming, and we may find ourselves needing a space to breathe and process. My hope is to create a safe and supportive environment where you feel heard and empowered to heal. In our work together, I take a compassionate and collaborative approach that meets you where you are, supporting you in working through current challenges while building toward the future that is possible. I typically practice in the Solution-Focused umbrella, incorporating Narrative Therapy into my work. Solution-Focused Therapy helps you identify your strengths and move toward your goals; while Narrative Therapy encourages exploring one’s personal story from the past, separating the individual from their problems, and envisioning how you want your story to continue. My experience consists of helping clients with family conflicts, trauma and abuse, parenting issues, mood disorders, anxiety, and depression. I have taught parenting classes for many years, which allowed me to help parents strengthen their relationships with their children and build more confident, nurturing connections. These experiences have deepened my understanding of the challenges families and individuals face, and reinforced my commitment to supporting each person’s unique journey toward healing and growth. I have over 20 years of experience in the mental health field, with 13 of those years dedicated to being a therapist. I am licensed to provide therapy to individuals across the state of Tennessee. It’s truly an honor to support people as they reconnect with themselves, rediscover hope, and move toward healing. Supporting others through life’s challenges is deeply fulfilling work, and I am grateful for the opportunity to be present with you on your journey.

First of all I’m a veteran and retired from the US Army. I have been a therapist for 8 years and have experience working with multiple modalities and almost all diagnoses at some point. I am also a Reiki and do holistic healing. I want to help others whether it’s building self confidence or dealing with trauma nothing is too small or too big to be treated.

I am a Licensed Professional Counselor in SC, PA, TN, and NC. I specialize in helping clients and family members with addiction issues, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, and PTSD. I also assist clients experiencing anxiety, depression, grief and loss, and can provide relationship and couples counseling as well. I have been practicing for over 10 years and have an empathetic and passionate approach. I love working with all ages however age 10 and above appears to work well for online therapy.

I’m Jenn, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker providing therapy since 2002. I specialize in anxiety, relationship stress, grief, infertility, postpartum emotional health, and major life transitions. I help adults reduce anxiety, feel more confident in their decisions, and develop practical tools they can use immediately in everyday life. I know it takes courage to reach out for support. If you’re here, you’ve already taken an important first step. I look forward to meeting you and working together toward the meaningful change you’re ready for.

Taking the first step to begin or continue your self-care journey is honorable. My name is Alisha Darsey, and I am licensed in the states of Tennessee and Georgia to practice clinical social work. I would love the opportunity to meet you "where you are" and serve you by utilizing the skills I have gained over my career of 33 years. Processing thoughts and feelings, developing positive coping skills and celebrating victories is my speciality. The therapeutic relationship is paramount to achieving life-changing goals. By identifying thoughts and feelings, behavior can change. This form of therapy, referred to as, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is my primary modality. I have worked with children, adolescents and adults specifically in the following areas: anxiety, depression, trauma and long-term mental health illnesses. My work in the realm of trauma has primarily been focused on sexual and emotional abuse. I have also done extensive work with caregivers. Some additional modalities that I utilize are Acceptance-Commitment Therapy, Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Health Therapy, Relationship-Based Care and Psychotherapy.

Hi! I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I have my Masters in Social Work from University of Texas at Arlington. I have worked in the field of mental health and as a therapist for 30 years. I am licensed in Arkansas and Tennessee. I work with adults of all ages and backgrounds who are experiencing difficulties such as difficulty coping, low self esteem, anxiety, grief and loss, and stress due to life transitions. I believe that reaching out to a therapist is a big step. I am here to help you feel comfortable and connected in your therapy journey and to provide an environment where you can work on your goals without feeling judged.

I bring over 12 years of experience helping children and adults navigate life’s challenges, including addiction, trauma, parent-child conflicts, marital and family issues, anxiety, depression, grief, and major life transitions. My background in Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) and Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), along with other evidence-based approaches, allows me to tailor therapy to your unique needs. My goal is to help you build a sense of stability, hope, and authenticity as we work together toward meaningful change.

Minds are designed for thinking and it is human nature to make connections with others. I am dedicated to helping a client slow down to contemplate, explore, and become self-aware of their own needs, personal well-being, interests, strengths and how to relate to others. I will help clients create spaces and opportunities to practice emotional regulation, explore difficult situations, provide therapy for previous history of trauma and loss, and begin or continue a healing journey.

Hello! I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker and have been practicing in a variety of settings for 20 years. I enjoy working with clients and families to build upon skills and resilience that will serve them in their treatment journey. I have extensive experience treating trauma, mood disorders, self harm / suicidal thinking, anxiety and addiction. I believe clients can and should thrive in the therapeutic experience.

Hello. I am a licensed clinical social worker in Tennessee. I received my Masters degree from Union University in West Tennessee. I have completed my doctoral degree in behavioral health from Freed Hardeman University. My training as a social worker as well as my advanced degree in behavioral health gives me broad scope of skills to meet patient’s needs. My career path has allowed for me to treat lifespan of patients as well as a broad scope of patient demographics.

I believe in the importance of treating the whole person: body, mind, spirit. My approach is empowering you to make your own decisions, to help you set your own goals and to walk with you on your journey to health. I specialize in women's issues: self image, hormonal changes, sexual issues including desire issues, pain and trauma. Other issues addressed both male and female: relationships, anxiety, depression, grief & loss. I want to partner with you on your journey to mental health and wellness.

Greetings: I'm a Licensed Mental Health Counselor in Florida. I am also licensed in Tennessee, my home state. I received my Doctorate in Counseling from the University of Memphis. I have been in practice for 20 years. Currently, I work with adult males with men's issues. The pressure of employment and maintaining healthy relationships impact men in unique ways. I work to help you become happier with your life choices.

Katherine spent the majority of her therapeutic career in a community based setting meeting with youths impacted by substance abuse, alcoholism, mental health and co occurring disorders within their homes and community’s. Katherine has worked with these youth and their families to help mend the ties that substance use has broken. Before starting her own practice, Katherine was a school social worker for youth and young adults with emotional, cognitive and other health impairments.

I have worked in the dementia field for the past five years and see proof on a daily basis that people with cognitive impairments do not decline in a vacuum- the burden of this illness is felt by all of those around them. As a Licensed Clinical Social Worker specializing in dementia care, I am dedicated to supporting individuals living with dementia and the care partners who walk alongside them. My work focuses on helping individuals navigate the overwhelming moments that often follow a diagnosis—when the path forward is unclear, and grief begins in ways that many don't expect or fully understand. My goal is to be a steady, informed presence for those who are feeling lost, overwhelmed, or unsure where to turn next. You don't have to go through this alone—I'm here to help you find clarity, resilience, and moments of peace along the journey.

In my career spanning over 20 years, 12 of those years have been as a Licensed Professional Counselor and Mental Health Service Provider focusing on outpatient behavioral health. I like to inform clients, that like all humans, I am far from perfect even though I am on the other side of the desk with the answers and knowledge. This helps to build rapport and allows authentic and vulnerable conversations.

I have been independently licensed since 2016. I have worked in many areas of social work so my knowledge in the field is very diverse. I have worked out patient, hospital and in patient. I am trained in EMDR and can provide CBT and psycho therapy. I offer therapy that focuses on what you need to live your life to its fullest. I can treat trauma, anxiety, depression and many other diagnoses that clients struggle with. I hope to be able to help you. I try very hard to make my sessions tailored to what you as a client need. I am very person centered and i want to make this experience as therapeutic as I can.

Hi. My name is Christine Toler, Chris, and I earned my Ed.S and LPC- MHSP in the state of Tennessee, New Jersey and Delaware. I have been licensed as a Professional Counselor since 2010, and a School Counselor since 2006. I started being a believer in therapy when it first helped me over forty years ago, (as a child). I thought what a wonderful way to get to the root of the problem... and get rid of it. Since then, I have been working on myself as a client as well as acquiring a licensure to help others, including teens, adults and families. I focus on solution based and non-judgmental cognitive therapy. I believe understanding a problem is not the end of the work. (unfortunately) The action we take to support a positive change... is what changes lives. And while I have experienced that in some very important areas... I continue to grow... daily. I choose to be transparent about that because I believe it is important to the work that my clients know I understand how it feels to be in their chair. If you are struggling with anxiety, depression, stress, doubt, guilt, grief, or all of the above, I believe I can help you.

Hello there! I believe that a person can change. I also beleive that each person deserves to feel heard and respected. My goal for you is to feel as though you can work through your issues and learn to manage your life, be content with who you are, and be happy. I work with individuals to remediate any number of issues in their lives, to make decisions, and to manage difficult cognitive or emotional experiences. I work with couples to learn to address conflict, learn new skills, and learn how to live lives together. I think of counseling as a process where you and I build a relationship and work together to address whatever issues are impacting you. I'm a holistic counselor, meaning that I will help you explore multiple aspects of your life, including how you engage socially, how you think about situations, how you manage or express your emotions, your behaviors and skills, the quality of your interactions with family and friends, and other areas. I believe that we all have untapped resources, both internal and external, that we can use to make our lives better. In terms of my background, I have worked in non-profit and two private practice environments. I have also served as a faculty member in clinical mental health counseling programs since 2011. I train future generations of counselors to work with people. I hold several licenses and certifications. I am a Nationally Certified Counselor as well as a Licensed Mental Health Counselor in Florida and a Licensed Professional Counselor in Tennessee. I am also a Qualified Supervisor in Florida. I have published several manuscripts, a book on the assessment and treatment of trauma and I have current works in press. conventions.