Therapists in New York

I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker experienced in supporting children, adolescents, adults, older adults, and families. I offer a nonjudgmental, supportive space where you can feel heard and respected. I help individuals navigating trauma, anxiety, depression, Bipolar Disorder, Schizophrenia, Schizoaffective Disorder, life transitions, stress, and relationship challenges. I also support overwhelmed parents and those transitioning from hospitalizations who want to build stability and improve their quality of life. My approach is supportive, collaborative, and tailored to you. I use evidence-based methods like CBT, Motivational Interviewing, and a strength-based perspective to help you understand patterns, build coping skills, and create meaningful change. We’ll move at a pace that feels comfortable and aligned with your goals.

My name is Sandy Baker, I am a licensed Mental Health Counselor. I enjoy empowering my clients to cultivate the tools they need to produce a healthier self. I work with different ethnicities, backgrounds, genders. My experience and background guides me to provide the clients a safe space to learn about their mental health, symptoms, triggers and goal-setting. Together we will work to address the changes in life using approaches and techniques that help address each member's challenges so that they can take effective control of their lives.

I have over 9 years of experience providing therapy and in a variety of settings including inpatient hospitals, outpatient clinics and telehealth platforms. I have treated individuals with depression, anxiety, panic disorder, life transitions and stress. I also have a passion for maternal mental health and able to work with those experiencing postpartum and peripartum mood and anxiety disorders. I am also familiar in working with those who have suffered perinatal loss and infertility. My belief is that therapy is a collaborative process. I will work with you by creating an individualized plan to help achieve your goals! My years of experience have given me a wealth of knowledge on how to treat various mental health concerns.

I have been working with adults for approximately 15 years. On the first visit, my job is to listen to your description of what is going on in your life. What are the stressors, what are the protective factors? Also, what are your strengths and challenges? We then collaborate on what it is that you want to change. We look at behavior/thinking,feeling patterns that may get in the way of a better quality of life. I come from a place of I'm okay and you're okay, meaning that we both have value and mutual respect.

I’m Kathleen Hobson, a Licensed Mental Health Counselor and the founder of KAT Psychotherapy. I specialize in providing compassionate, evidence-based care tailored to individuals and families, with a focus on helping clients navigate life’s challenges, improve their emotional well-being, and foster healthier relationships. My practice integrates approaches like Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and family-focused interventions to support healing and personal growth. At KAT Psychotherapy, we are committed to creating a safe and supportive space for transformation and empowerment.

Hello! I’m Michelina, though you can call me Michelle. I’m a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) with 12 years of experience, based in Pennsylvania. I hold a Master’s degree from Fordham University, and my focus is on helping adults navigate the challenges of anxiety and depression. Together, we work as a team to manage symptoms and guide you toward becoming the best version of yourself.

My name is Maria. I have been practicing therapy for 21 years. I have worked in a variety of settings such as, a hospital emergency room seeing individuals struggling with mental health issues. I have also work with children and adults. I feel privileged to have you allow me into your life and share your experiences and struggles with me.

“Therapy for kids who don’t think it’s for them, parents in the thick of it, and women who are doing everything for everyone—except themselves.” Sound like you or someone you love? Well…I’ve got you covered! I’m a Licensed Clinical Social Worker specializing in preteens and teenagers navigating ADHD, anxiety, depression, trauma, anger, and the complicated space between parents and kids. Much of my experience was built inside a school-based health clinic at the middle school level. Working with students in the middle of their actual world, not just an office. That perspective shapes everything about how I work. As an elder millennial and a parent, myself, I understand the impossible math of work-life balance. The guilt of feeling stretched too thin and the fear that you’re somehow getting it wrong. You’re not failing your kid. You’re here, and that’s what matters. My approach is warm but direct, grounded in evidence-based practice and genuine connection. I meet kids where they are… not where we think they should be. I work alongside parents as partners, not critics. Because you know your child better than anyone. My job is to help you find each other again. I also have a passion of working with women of all ages who are navigating careers, life, the world we live in and all of the complexities in between. I provide a judgement free, open space to live your truth and get answers to those questions that keep you up at night. If any of this resonates, I’d love to connect.

I’m a Licensed Mental Health Counselor who takes a warm, practical, and collaborative approach to therapy. I enjoy thinking concretely with clients, identifying clear goals, and turning insight into meaningful action. I incorporate evidence-based CBT and DBT strategies and often provide practical homework between sessions so clients can continue building skills, gaining confidence, and making progress outside the therapy room.

Hi, I’m Asma Alqahtani, a clinical social worker and mother. I immigrated to the United States from the Middle East, and my personal experiences have shaped the way I connect with and support others. I have been working in social work since 2017, with experience supporting children, families, and adults, particularly individuals navigating substance use and other life challenges. My approach to therapy is compassionate, supportive, and practical. I believe therapy is not only about talking through challenges, but also about understanding yourself, developing new skills, and applying those tools in everyday life. I meet my clients where they are while also encouraging growth, accountability, and meaningful change. I enjoy working with clients who are open to self-reflection and willing to take an active role in their healing and personal development. My goal is to create a space where you feel heard, respected, and comfortable being yourself, while also helping you identify patterns, build on your strengths, and work toward the life you want. As a mother and an immigrant, I understand that life can come with unique transitions, responsibilities, and challenges. I bring empathy, cultural awareness, and real-life perspective into my work with each client. Whether you are struggling with relationships, substance use, life transitions, or simply feeling stuck, I’m here to help you move forward at your own pace.

I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor (LMHC) & Certified Clinical Trauma Professional (CCTP), who is a passionate advocate for emotional wellness and mental health awareness. Raised in the Caribbean, where stigma around therapy often silenced emotional struggles, inspired my commitment to help others heal and grow without shame or fear. I hold a BA in Forensic Psychology and MA in Forensic Mental Health Counseling from John Jay College, and have years of experience working with children, adolescents, and adults navigating anxiety, depression, trauma, behavioral challenges, emotional regulation, and relational conflict. I support clients in understanding that therapy is a collaborative process done at their own pace to achieve the life change or improvement that they desire.

I provide a comfortable, non-judgmental, and multicultural lens to tackle each issue in a safe and healthy way. I operate from a Person-Centered Lens, which means the client is the expert in their own life; therefore, I collaborate with you to find the best possible approach. I specialize in working with teenagers, college students, and the LGBT Community. I also focus on treating ADHD, Anxiety, BPD, Trauma, and General Life Stressors.

Hi, I’m Marlene, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker based in Florida and licensed in both Florida and New York. I work with young adults, adults, and older adults experiencing anxiety, depression, loneliness, grief and loss, low self-esteem, family conflict, and relationship challenges. With more than 15 years of experience, I have had the privilege of supporting children, adults, homebound individuals, and seniors from diverse backgrounds. My approach is compassionate, collaborative, and tailored to each person’s unique needs and goals. I use Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, strength-based approaches, and psychodynamic therapy to help clients understand their emotions, develop effective coping skills, strengthen relationships, and create meaningful change. I am a Certified Dialectical Behavior Therapy Professional and a Certified Grief-Informed Professional. Together, we can create a safe and supportive space where you feel heard, process life’s challenges, and take practical steps toward feeling better.

Welcome! As a telehealth therapist, I meet clients virtually across New York to create a supportive space where real change can happen. Over the years, working in both inpatient and outpatient care has given me a deep appreciation for meeting people from every background and life story. I work best with teens (15+) and adults who are motivated and eager to put in the work toward healing. My practice centers on working with ADHD, anxiety, and boundary setting. With my history in inpatient, I understand and always consider a trauma-informed approach.

My clinical experience has been providing individual therapy services to adolescents, adults and seniors. I have worked with clients with a wide range of concerns, including anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, grief and family issues. My goal is to create a space where clients can authentically express themselves without fear of judgment or misunderstanding and to empower individuals to present their true selves confidently to the world. I aim to help clients embrace all parts of themselves as they heal and grow. You are the narrator of your story and I am here to guide and help support you through your journey.

Hi, I’m Kayla Cunningham! I’m a Licensed Mental Health Counselor with 11 years of experience supporting teens and college students. I know school, friendships, family, and big life changes can get overwhelming. My style is laid-back, supportive, and judgment-free—a space to slow down, be honest, and sort through what you’re feeling. Whether you’re stressed, anxious, in transition, or just trying to take better care of yourself, I’m here to meet you where you are.

I am a licensed clinical social worker with over 17 years of experience helping individuals navigate many of life’s challenges, including depression, anxiety, grief, trauma and life transitions. In my practice I strive to provide a safe, compassionate and non-judgmental environment, where you will be heard, supported, and empowered to be the best possible version of yourself. There is no one size fits all approach when it comes to therapy. I will work with you to find the best approach to promote your personal growth, healing and self-awareness. We will work together to create a therapeutic relationship built on trust, empathy and mutual respect with the goal of achieving lasting therapeutic change.

“I’m a compassionate, client-centered therapist who works with individuals navigating anxiety, stress, and life transitions. I provide a supportive, nonjudgmental space where you can openly explore your thoughts, emotions, and experiences. My approach is collaborative and tailored to your unique needs, combining practical coping strategies with deeper insight into patterns that may be holding you back. Together, we’ll focus on building resilience, increasing self-awareness, and helping you feel more confident and empowered in your daily life.”

Hello, I'm Stacy Gage and I have been working as a Licensed Clinical Social Worker for almost 7 years. I am licensed in New York, Florida, and Pennsylvania. I specialize in children and adolescents, but have experiences with all ages. I am certified in treatment and diagnosis of Autism, ADHD, OCD, and Trauma informed care. I also work with behavioral disorders, personality disorders, anxiety and depression.

I am a Licensed Mental Health Counselor (LMHC) in New York with over 5 years of experience. I have worked with adults seeking help with anxiety, depression, other mood disorders, stress, life transitions, LGBTQ+ issues, and trauma. I received my Bachelor of Arts in Social Work from Nazareth College in Rochester, NY followed by a Master of Science in Mental Health Counseling from Medaille College in Buffalo, NY.

My ideal clients are adults who are looking for support, guidance, to work through life’s challenges. They may be experiencing anxiety, depression, stress, relationship difficulties, life transitions, or challenges related to substance use. My ideal clients are people who are ready to better understand themselves, explore what may be getting in the way, and take steps toward feeling more balanced and fulfilled.

I am a licensed psychologist who has worked with people in a variety of healthcare environments for the past few years. I believe in creating a safe space and developing a therapeutic alliance through authenticity while always staying client focused. My approach is direct, but I am compassionate, non-judgmental, and empathetic. I believe everyone has the capacity to self-actualize when given the right therapeutic tools and the supports they need.

Hi, I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) based in New York and Michigan. I earned my Master in Social Work from Hunter College, New York, NY. I have been practicing for 15 years. I welcome clients/patients of all ages and backgrounds. I work with adults and children 8+. I specialize in anxiety, depression, grief/loss, PTSD, and eating disorders. Specific modalities that I may use include CBT, DBT, IPT, Existential therapy, and Supportive feedback. I am a strong ally with the LGBTQ+ community, and I am fluent in both Spanish and English.

Hi I am Dr Jayme Albin, PhD a Licensed Psychologist and Yoga Instructor. I have a Masters in Developmental Psychology from Columbia University and a PhD in Clinical Health Psychology. from Albert Einstein College of Medicine. I am an exert in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. I have authored several books including "The Idiot's Guide to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Happy Healthier You with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy' I am trained and experienced (over 20 years) in evidenced based therapy methods such as Cognitiive Behavioral Therapy, EMDR, DBT, Mindfulness, Biofeedback, Acceptance and Committment Therapy, Cogntive Processing Therapy, I believe the sessions should involve theraupetic mental and sometic exercises not just talking. I practice from a holistic mind-body connection. We work on changing how you process past and future experiences on mental, emotional, physical and behavioral level. I believe each therapeutic relationship and experience is unique so I will tailor a program that meets your needs, symptoms and challenges. We will set goals together and reassess along your journey.

Hi! My name is Tawanna Peacock and I am a Licensed Psychotherapist {LCSW}. I am licensed and certified to practice in the state of New York. I received my Masters degree from the Hunter College School of Social Work and have been practicing since 2005. I have worked in human services for over 27 years and have been afforded a wealth of opportunities to help others. Each wonderful opportunity has allowed me to further utilize and develop my skills and assist my clients with reaching their personal goals.

I am Gordon Shearer an LCSW located in NY and have been a psychotherapist for 10 years. I love my work and enjoy meeting and working with individuals who are interested and committed to making their lives better in some meaningful way. I believe support is crucial to developing the therapeutic relationship and want to do best for my clients.

You are brave! My name is Amber, and it would be an honor to walk with you on your healing journey. Healing is messy and being real and open is key to truly healing. I have worked with children, teens, adults and families for over 20 years. I have a warm, relaxed approach, focusing on the importance of you feeling like you can share whatever is on your heart during our time. I specialize in working with children, teens, adults and families dealing with all aspects of trauma, and also those impacted by adoption and/or foster care. It is most important to me that you feel safe, validated and empowered to feel, and process in order to heal!

I’m a licensed clinical social worker who specializes in helping adults overcome stress, anxiety, or OCD. I graduated from Columbia School of Social Work and have extensive training in multiple evidence-based treatments. My approach is active and collaborative, with an emphasis on building skills that you can apply in your daily life. In our work together, I focus on helping you better understand how your mind operates and equipping you with practical and effective tools to deal with your mental health more effectively. Over time, clients often find that they are able to feel calmer, think more clearly, and respond to challenges with greater confidence. Rather than feeling controlled by anxiety, they begin to experience a greater sense of freedom, balance, and control in their lives.

Ms. Melissa A. Caparitia is a Mental Health Counselor in New York, NY with special training and skill in working with individuals, groups and communities to improve mental health dysfunctions by discussing emotions and experiences, then prescribing custom Trauma -informed, relational and holistic approach. Additionally, specialized working with childhood trauma, victims of domestic violence, mentoring and life and career coaching. I create an empowering atmosphere for individuals to overcome their limitations through a partnership.

Hi, I’m Brittney, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who believes therapy should feel like a safe space where you can be honest, understood, and truly yourself. I work with adults who may be feeling overwhelmed, anxious, stuck, emotionally drained, or simply ready for something to change. My approach is warm, compassionate, and collaborative. I don’t believe in a one-size-fits-all approach to therapy, so I take the time to understand your experiences, strengths, challenges, and goals. Together, we can explore what may be getting in the way and develop practical tools to help you navigate life with greater confidence and self-awareness. Whether you’re working through anxiety, depression, relationship or family challenges, major life transitions, stress, or simply trying to better understand yourself, you don’t have to figure it all out alone. My goal is to create a space where you feel supported without judgment and empowered to make meaningful changes at your own pace. Starting therapy can feel like a big step, and you’ve already taken one by being here. I’d be honored to support you along the way.

Hi! I am Nicole Belgrave, a Licensed Mental Health Counselor dedicated to making mental health care accessible, relatable, and stigma-free. I provide a warm, collaborative space where clients can explore emotions, build self-awareness, and develop practical tools to create meaningful, lasting change at their own pace. I believe that therapy is for everyone and it is a place where one can process their thoughts and identify how one’s feelings play a role in their daily decision making.  I use an integrative approach to meet the individual needs of each client, which is accomplished through the utilization of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), gestalt theory, person-centered theories and additional approaches as a Certified Clinical Trauma Professional (CCTP).

I’m a down-to-earth therapist who believes therapy should feel human, not clinical or intimidating. I believe in bringing honesty and compassion into the room while creating a judgment-free space where you can show up exactly as you are and work toward meaningful change. Life can be difficult, let’s explore ways to ease it for you.

My approach to therapy is person-centered and strengths-based, which means I strive to meet you where you are and tailor treatment to your individual needs and goals. I often incorporate Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) techniques to help clients develop practical coping skills, improve emotional well-being, and navigate life's challenges more effectively. Whether you're dealing with anxiety, depression, stress, relationship difficulties, life transitions, or simply feeling stuck, I aim to provide a safe and supportive space where you can feel heard and understood. Together, we can explore what's getting in the way, build healthy coping strategies, and work toward the changes that are important to you.I am committed to providing culturally responsive and inclusive care and welcome individuals from all backgrounds, identities, and life experiences. I enjoy working with people across the lifespan and am open to supporting diverse populations. I value creating a therapeutic space where clients feel respected, accepted, and understood, and I recognize the importance of considering cultural, social, and personal factors that shape each individual's experience. 

“MAC” is A licensed clinical social worker and military veteran, who has dedicated her career to helping others navigate life's most difficult challenges since the 90’s. Her journey in the field has been shaped by both invaluable professional experience and a deep personal understanding of the importance of therapy and support. Specializing in anger management, she also possess a mastery of a niche in working with forensic clients. Her diverse professional background includes independent work as an EAP provider with several Fortune 500 companies, consulting and being employed with both public and private law enforcement and social service agencies in New York City. After returning from an extended sabbatical, a period she credit with benefiting both her self and the clients through focused reflection on personal development and professional growth. She have renewed her mission: to serve and align with their clients' needs through counseling, advocacy, and connecting people to viable opportunities. She is a vocal advocate for engaging in uncomfortable but necessary conversations about self, systems, economics, inequality, race-related stress, and trauma. She believe that while it may be unpopular to be brave, and unacceptable to create spaces for chaos and fabricated narratives, silence is no longer an option. Guided by the words of James Baldwin—"Not everything that is faced can be changed, but nothing can be changed until it is faced, “ she continue the work to improve clients' well-being and help them thrive.

Hi, I’m Shay Mitchell, LCSW. As your therapist, my goal is to offer a space where you feel genuinely seen, heard, and supported. Beginning therapy can feel intimidating, especially when you’ve been carrying a lot on your own. My role is to walk alongside you as we make sense of your experiences, uncover the patterns that are holding you back, and build the emotional tools you need to move forward with clarity and confidence. In our work together, I combine evidence-based approaches—such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and person-centered techniques with a warm, collaborative style. I believe that healing grows from a strong therapeutic relationship, where you feel safe enough to explore difficult emotions and empowered enough to imagine something different for your future. You are the expert in your own life; my job is to guide, support, and help you develop new ways of understanding yourself and the world around you. Clients often come to me during seasons of transition, emotional overwhelm, self-doubt, relationship stress, or when old wounds begin to resurface. Together, we’ll identify what’s no longer serving you and create a plan that feels manageable and aligned with your values. Whether we’re working to reduce anxiety, strengthen boundaries, improve emotional regulation, or heal from past experiences, I approach your growth with compassion, curiosity, and respect. Therapy with me is both reflective and practical. You’ll gain insight into your patterns, but you’ll also learn real skills—tools you can use in your everyday life to feel more grounded, more in control, and more connected to yourself. My hope is that through our work, you discover your own resilience, rebuild trust in yourself, and feel empowered to create the life you truly want. You don’t have to do this alone. I’m here to help you every step of the way.

I am a licensed certified social worker with 30 plus years experience and I love my job. I enjoy helping clients find their strengths and guide them to their goals. Together we can find the tools to allow you to gain your full potential. I have a calm presence which allows me to connect with my clients.

Richard "Rick" Leone, LCSW provides therapy services to individuals throughout New York. Rick received his Master of Social Work from Nazareth University and utilizes evidence-based approaches, including cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and mindfulness-based interventions, to help clients manage anxiety, depression, and stress. Seven years of experience with a wide variety of clients helped. Rick is also a former intake coordinator for a local hospital, specializing in diagnostics and ensuring the client fully understands through the psychoeducation process.

Life can feel overwhelming when anxiety, stress, relationship challenges, or major transitions leave you feeling stuck or unsure of what comes next. I’m a Columbia University graduate and a warm, insightful, and engaged therapist who helps adults better understand themselves and create meaningful change. Together, we’ll explore patterns, build on your strengths, and help you move toward a life that reflects your values, honors your identity, and feels more fulfilling.

I focus my practice on treating trauma, mood disorders, substance use recovery, interpersonal concerns, and life transitions. I would describe my style as eclectic. I draw from a wide range of therapeutic approaches to address the unique needs of my clients. Originally from NC, I spent most of my career serving diverse populations from many different walks of life in NYC, and I developed a particularly strong niche working with LGBTQ+ clients seeking affirming care. Having lived in many places and meeting people from many backgrounds, I serve diverse clients in all three states I am licensed in which includes NY, NC, and SC. I have 8 years of clinical experience. I have worked in a variety of clinical settings including both in- and out- patient settings for substance use treatment. I have also additionally worked in public sector community mental health and private practice settings. This gives me a wide range of professional experiences in different contexts to draw from.

I am Marcia Williams-Young, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker based in New York City with over a decade of experience supporting adults through trauma, life transitions and relationship and attachment concerns, anxiety, depression, and self-esteem challenges. My approach is warm, direct, and deeply person-centered. I believe healing is possible for everyone, and I am committed to meeting every client where they are and walking alongside them toward a life beyond trauma.

I’m Toni, a therapist of over 10 years with a special connection and interest in helping women find their voice, identify what they want, and build the confidence to go for it. I’m a bright, warm therapist who genuinely cares and wants to connect. There will be no “blank slate” here- I want to join you and walk through this together, celebrating your wins and supporting you through the lows.

I am a licensed clinical social worker who provides a warm, collaborative, and insight oriented for adults and teens, navigating anxiety, relationship challenges and unresolved emotional wounds. My work is grounded in a trauma informed approach which with a focus on helping clients understand patterns that impact their self work boundaries in relationships. I especially support clients who are ready to move toward deeper emotional healing, healthier connections, and a stronger sense of self.

Today you are one step closer to a new you where you feel empowered and on a positive path to growth and well-being. Let me help you live ON purpose and WITH purpose. As a licensed psychologist and solution focused therapist, my goal is to help you uncover your true potential and lead a life worth celebrating! I will support you via faith-based counseling approaches, positive psychology methodologies, self-advocacy and empowerment!

Life can be challenging causing anxiety and self doubt however your feelings matter and sometimes it is not easy to talk about them. My background with working in a mental health facility, hospital, education and child welfare have provided me with over 20 years of experience working with children, teens, individuals and families providing therapy to cope with various life transitions.

Hi, I'm Jennifer, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with almost 10 years of experience in the field of social work and behavioral health. I truly enjoy what I do and feel honored to support individuals through life's challenges. My goal is to create a safe, supportive space where my clients feel heard, understood and empowered. People seek therapy for many different reasons. Whatever brings you here, taking the first step on your therapeutic journey is a courageous one.

Hello! I am an Licensed Clinical Social Worker with nearly 8 years working in my local community working community and correctional mental health. I have experience working with those who struggle with anxiety, depression, trauma, sex addictions, relationship issues, parenting, self esteem, and so much more! I graduated with my Masters of Social Work in 2017 from Edinboro University of Pennsylvania.

I have been providing Psychotherapy for over ten years at a community outpatient mental health clinic working in a multicultural environment. My experience encorporates treating clients with all types of mental health disorders especializing in anxiety, depression, trauma, health and weight issues. I incorporate an eclectic model approach using techniques from cognitive behavioral therapy, dialectic behavior theory, client centered, crisis interventions, and trauma focused.

Hello! I'm a Licensed Mental Health Counselor based in Virginia. I'm originally from New York and received my Masters from Long Island University in Brooklyn. I have been practicing since 2016 and I am passionate about helping adolescents and young adults struggling with anxiety and depression become the best version of themselves. My goal is to help my clients build the tools necessary to navigate their lives.

Hi! I’m a Licensed Mental Health Counselor providing therapy to clients in New York. I’m passionate about helping people make sense of their experiences, strengthen their emotional wellbeing, and build lives that feel aligned, grounded, and meaningful in everyday life. My style is warm, relational, and collaborative, as I meet you exactly where you are and walk with you from there.

I hold a doctoral degree in counseling psychology from the University at Albany, with specialized training in psychodynamic therapy. Over the past 14 years, I have developed an eclectic practice, working across diverse settings that have deepened my understanding of the human condition. Through this experience, I have come to appreciate both the resilience individuals possess and the challenges they face when striving toward their goals while carrying the weight of past experiences and ingrained patterns. I recognize how daily life can sometimes feel burdensome, leading to a sense of being “stuck.” I believe the therapeutic relationship provides a supportive space to gain clarity and renewed energy, helping clients move forward and foster meaningful growth.