Sources
- Wade, A. G. (2006). Sleep problems in depression: how do they impact treatment and recovery?. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 10(sup1), 38-44.
- Zhao, Y., Yang, L., Sahakian, B. J., Langley, C., Zhang, W., Kuo, K., … & Cheng, W. (2023). The brain structure, immunometabolic and genetic mechanisms underlying the association between lifestyle and depression. Nature Mental Health, 1(10), 736-750.
- Weziak-Bialowolska, D., Bialowolski, P., Lee, M. T., Chen, Y., VanderWeele, T. J., & McNeely, E. (2022). Prospective associations between social connectedness and mental health. Evidence from a longitudinal survey and health insurance claims data. International journal of public health, 67, 1604710.
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Depression FAQs
Am I depressed or just sad?
Occasional sadness is part of being human. Sadness can come and go based on internal and external factors, and naturally fades with time or support. Depression is more persistent and overwhelming, making it difficult to function in day-to-day life. While sadness is one symptom of depression, other symptoms include persistent hopelessness, loss of interest in previously enjoyed activities, consistent low mood and energy, and sleep disturbances. When feelings of sadness linger for long periods and become more intense, it may be a sign of depression. Speak to a mental health professional for guidance on addressing these symptoms early.
What does depression feel like?
Depression can feel quite different from person to person. People often report a feeling of being stuck in a dense fog, or a sense of lowness or heaviness. Everyday tasks like bathing, preparing a meal, or returning a text message can feel difficult or impossible. Depression can make people feel exhausted, unmotivated (also known as “avolition”), and lead to sleeping much more than usual. People also often struggle to enjoy things they once looked forward to such as socializing, hobbies, and exercise.
What are the causes of depression?
Depression has several causes, including:
- Genetics – Having a family history of depression may heighten your risk
- Trauma or stress – Past traumatic events (i.e. childhood trauma), or current ongoing stress in your life may contribute to depression
- Brain chemistry – Chemical imbalances in brain chemicals like serotonin and dopamine may cause symptoms of depression
- Hormones – Sudden changes in hormones, particularly related to pregnancy or menopause may contribute to depression
- Major life changes – Unexpected changes in life, including the death of a loved one, job loss, and relationship changes may increase your risk
Other risk factors for depression include social isolation, sleep problems, chronic illness, and substance use.
What is high-functioning depression?
High-functioning depression is a form of depression that is less disruptive to an individual’s daily life. People with high-functioning depression still fit the diagnostic criteria for conditions like major depressive disorder (MDD), but they’re able to maintain their responsibilities, social obligations, and appearance while still struggling internally with deep-rooted emotional pain, emptiness, and sadness. High-functioning depression is often difficult to see in others; however, it is still a form of depression that can be debilitating and requires professional support.
What fixes depression?
Though there are different forms and levels of severity of depression, it is most often treated with a combination of psychotherapy, lifestyle changes, and medication.
Talk therapy can help people learn to recognize and change negative thought patterns, develop coping strategies, and improve social relationships.
Therapists may also provide insight into healthy lifestyle changes recommended to reduce depression, such as regular exercise, improved sleep hygiene, nutrition, stress management, and social support.
In some cases, your provider may recommend antidepressant medication (e.g. selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors/SSRIs) to support the treatment of depression.
How do I avoid depression?
While depression is not always avoidable due to various factors, there are ways to reduce our risk and severity of symptoms. Strategies include maintaining a healthy lifestyle with regular exercise, adequate sleep, proper nutrition, and hydration.
Building strong relationships and incorporating stress-reducing techniques like journaling and mindfulness practices can relieve symptoms of loneliness and anxiety that may contribute to depression.
Engaging in activities that bring joy, like painting or hiking, and practicing mindfulness and gratitude can be helpful.
Lastly, avoiding substances like alcohol and tobacco, as well as limiting the use of social media, can help reduce the risk of depression.