Therapists near me in San Diego, CA

Hi, my name is Tracy Ward. I am a proud native of San Francisco and have spent my entire life in the beautiful San Francisco Bay Area. I identify as a dedicated Social Worker and have been a Licensed Clinical Social Worker for over 20 years. I believe that therapy is a powerful tool that can help individuals enhance their overall well-being and discover joy in life. My goal is to create a warm, safe, and collaborative space where you feel supported and empowered to explore your thoughts and emotions. Together, we can work towards your mental wellness goals in a way that feels meaningful and authentic to you. I look forward to supporting you on your journey to greater health and happiness.

Dr. Norman Quintero is a Licensed Mental Health Counselor with over seven years of clinical experience supporting individuals and couples through life’s emotional, relational, and personal challenges. He is licensed to practice in California, Texas, Virginia, Louisiana, and Florida, and provides compassionate care for clients struggling with anxiety, depression, trauma, relationship difficulties, grief, stress, anger management, and self-esteem concerns. Dr. Quintero’s approach is warm, collaborative, and client-centered. He integrates Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) with humanistic principles to help clients better understand their thoughts, emotions, and behaviors while creating a safe, supportive, and non-judgmental space where they feel heard, respected, and validated. His goal is to help clients gain clarity, develop healthier coping skills, strengthen relationships, rebuild confidence, and move toward meaningful and lasting change in their lives.

I am a down-to-earth and collaborative therapist who believes that the foundation of effective healing is a genuine, honest connection. I prioritize creating a transparent environment where you feel heard and respected, allowing us to work as true partners in your mental health journey. My approach is grounded in the belief that therapy is most effective when it is practical, straightforward, and focused on your unique reality. In our sessions, I value honesty and the identification of healthy, realistic goals. I specialize in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), where we work together to uncover the connection between your thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. By identifying irrational thinking patterns and challenging negative self-talk, we can begin to reframe your narrative in a way that serves your growth rather than hindering it. I understand that starting therapy can feel like a significant step, which is why I focus on providing a non-judgmental space where we can tackle challenges at your pace. Whether you are dealing with anxiety, daily stress, or life transitions, my goal is to provide you with a functional toolkit of strategies you can use long after our sessions end. Together, we will move toward a more balanced, resilient, and fulfilling life.

I provide straightforward, collaborative therapy for adults and adolescents who are ready to actively engage in the process. My style is warm, direct, and practical, with a focus on work both in and outside of sessions. I work with mild-to-moderate concerns including anxiety, depression, relationship patterns, boundaries, life transitions, self-esteem, and the impact of past experiences. I help clients better understand their patterns while building practical skills they can use in everyday life.

I am a client centered therapist, which means I believe that the client is the expert on their experiences. I ask questions, am open to feedback, and trust the client's capacity for growth and self-actualization. Additionally, I provide coping skills and evidenced based practices to help clients in these areas. I also use art therapy in my practice, which is workable in telehealth.

I grew up in Europe, graduated from Pepperdine University in 2007 with MA in clinical Psychology, in practice since then. Married, father of 2. Life can be challenging and certainly has its ups and downs. I strive to assist clients in gaining awareness, understanding, and control over their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Through exploration, self-reflection, and insight, I work with clients and provide the space that is necessary to process, gain insight, and achieve desired change.

I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in California with over a decade of experience helping adults navigate anxiety, trauma, and relationship challenges. My work is grounded in creating a safe, culturally responsive space where clients feel understood, supported, and empowered to grow. I specialize in working with individuals impacted by trauma, domestic violence, and chronic anxiety. Many of my clients are high-functioning on the outside but feel overwhelmed internally. Together, we work to untangle patterns, strengthen emotional regulation, and build practical tools hat create lasting change. My approach integrates Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), trauma informed care, and skills-based interventions to help clients process past move from survival mode into stability, clarity, and confidence. You don’t have to carry everything alone. Healing and growth are possible.

I earned my master’s degree in Marriage and Family Therapy from John F. Kennedy University and am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT) with over 15 years of experience. In my current practice, I work with older adolescents through all stages of adulthood. My style is relaxed and approachable, and I’m often described as a compassionate listener who offers thoughtful guidance and support. I strive to create a safe, nonjudgmental space where you can openly share your thoughts and feelings while working toward meaningful growth and change.

I am a 10 year veteran therapist who believes in the uniqueness of every person I help to realize their special potential. I know people have the capacity to make meaningful changes in their lives that contribute to greater happiness and fulfillment. I never give up even on the most daunting issues that plaque my client's well being. I stand as a strong support of what is right for the client and help to reveal the fastest courses to achieve personal goals. Together we work magic in altering the most perplexing of realities.

I am a licensed mental health therapist with experience across private practice, community, academic, governmental, nonprofit, and corporate settings. As a Vietnamese refugee who has faced profound hardship, I bring a deep understanding of resilience, trauma, and healing to my work. I support individuals, couples, families, and communities navigating trauma, anxiety, depression, and complex cultural, relational transitions. My approach is integrative and tailored to each client, blending evidence-based practices with cultural awareness, trauma-informed care, and spiritual flexibility. I meet clients where they are, honoring their experiences and challenges. Through a collaborative and compassionate process, I help clients develop insight, strengthen resilience, and create lasting change—so they heal and thrive. Tôi là một nhà trị liệu sức khỏe tâm thần được cấp phép tại California, với kinh nghiệm trong nhiều môi trường như thực hành tư nhân, cộng đồng, học thuật, chính phủ, tổ chức phi lợi nhuận và doanh nghiệp. Là người tị nạn Việt Nam từng trải qua khó khăn, tôi có sự thấu hiểu sâu sắc về khả năng phục hồi, sang chấn và chữa lành. Tôi làm việc với cá nhân, cặp đôi, gia đình và cộng đồng đối mặt với sang chấn, lo âu, trầm cảm và chuyển đổi phức tạp trong văn hóa, mối quan hệ và cuộc sống. Phương pháp của tôi mang tính tích hợp, điều chỉnh theo từng thân chủ, kết hợp các thực hành dựa trên bằng chứng cùng sự nhạy cảm văn hóa và linh hoạt về tinh thần. Tôi tôn trọng trải nghiệm và bản sắc riêng của mỗi người. Thông qua hợp tác và thấu cảm, tôi hỗ trợ thân chủ phát triển nhận thức, củng cố khả năng phục hồi và tạo ra thay đổi ý nghĩa, bền vững—để họ có thể chữa lành và phát triển.

Hello! I am motivated and excited to walk through this season in your life and to assist you in a way that finds you as comfortable and at ease as you can be. I am solution-focused and have a warm teaching style yet lean in closely to the strategies and skills you may be seeking so that your goals are achieved. I have been a therapist for close to twenty years and have competency, education and experience necessary to accept a variety of cases with varying degrees of complexity. I am described by many to be warm, empathetic and at times share guidance that may be challenging to hear and with all intent it would be to see a different point of view for the greater good.

Hi, thanks for stopping by my page. I’m an LPCC (Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor) and have had the privilege of working with clients for the past five years. Helping people is so rewarding that I can’t imagine doing anything else. I work with children, teens, young adults, and individual adults, aiming to provide a safe, supportive environment while collaborating with my clients in their treatment. I believe in a client-centered therapy process, where we create treatment plans and goals together to meet each person’s unique needs. I offer biblical counseling for those who want a Christian perspective and bible-based counseling.

My name is Thomas Barhorst, and I started counseling in 2004. In addition to having a small private practice shortly after I received my Missouri license in 2007; I have worked as a K-12 school counselor, in substance use treatment, in a residential treatment setting, in a community mental health agency, helping individuals with disabilities transition into the workforce, and helping graduate students manage stress in their professional programs (i.e. medical school, dental school, etc.). Recently, I have begun providing telehealth therapy after obtaining licensure in Arizona and California. Outside of work, spending time with family and friends is important to me. I also enjoy stories, laughing, listening to stand-up comedy, cooking, playing sports like wallyball and ultimate frisbee on a non-competitive level, watching film noir and psychological thrillers, recently had the opportunity to take my car to a racetrack, and have played bass guitar in a rock band.

In recognizing the challenges and complexities of today's changing world and at the many roles we are called upon to fulfill, I know the importance of being able to give my clients a safe place to talk. I help my clients explore and uncover issues that have contributed to feelings of depression and anxiety and work to bring joy back into their lives. Although many individuals don't identify trauma in their history, in over 25 years of practice I have found being attuned to my clients past experiences helpful in improving the present. In addition to treating anxiety and depression, I am trained in trauma treatments both CPT (Cognitive Processing Therapy) and TFCBT (Trauma Focused Cognitive Therapy). I also utilize a Cognitive Behavioral Therapy approach that allows for identifying and challenging unhelpful thoughts, beliefs, and patterns of behavior that often keep us stuck. The path to recognizing and challenging our thoughts and beliefs can help change our perspective and allow for experiencing ourselves and relationships in a more satisfying way.

My goal is creating a safe healing space for people to grow and connect to their true selves. I am a curious listener and it is my passion to empathetically and humbly guide you through your healing journey. I offer a space for people to explore the facets of their experiences as well as coping skills so you can connect with what matters most in your life. I have experience with the effects that generational trauma and difficult life adjustments can have on daily life when they are not processed. I have also seen the relief people gain when they are able to safely and collaboratively explore traumatic events.

Hi There! I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in California and primarily work with folx who struggle with addiction and mental health. I have experience providing individual and group treatment for folx who are interested in abstinence/sobriety and harm reduction. I have worked in this field for approximately seven years and have found this work truly fulfilling. I believe self-compassion is an important and often overlooked skill/tool, and I focus on using this in my sessions. I work from a perspective of cultural humility and enjoy meeting with folx who are BIPOC and/or part of the Lgbtq+ community. I also believe in the importance of fat acceptance and body positivity, which is something that is often neglected/overlooked. I am also the mother of an adult with Autism/neurodivergence and have experience personally and professionally with caregiving and burnout. *Please note that clients may be referred out if there are more than two no-shows. Thank you!

I am a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor with more than 25 years of experience in the mental health field. I believe therapy works best when it is collaborative, individualized, and grounded in the understanding that no single approach works for everyone. My therapeutic style is eclectic and integrative, drawing from a variety of evidence-based approaches to meet the unique needs of each client. I often say that you can never have too many tools in your therapeutic toolbox. Rather than telling clients what they should do, I help them explore their experiences, challenge patterns that may no longer be serving them, recognize their strengths, and develop solutions that make sense for their lives. Throughout my career, I have worked with preadolescents, adolescents, and adults experiencing a wide range of concerns, including depression, anxiety, trauma, attachment difficulties, substance use, ADHD-related challenges such as inattention and impulsivity, relationship concerns, stress, and major life transitions. My approach is warm, empathetic, practical, and down-to-earth, with humor incorporated when appropriate. Clients have described me as someone who helps them feel heard, valued, supported, and understood. I consider it a privilege when someone trusts me with the deeply personal parts of their life and allows me to walk alongside them as they make sense of their story, discover what works for them, and move toward meaningful personal growth.

Hello I'm Sonja — a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor based in California. My path to this work wasn't a straight line and I think that makes me a better clinician. I started with a career in corrections in Arkansas, where I learned early on how to connect with people in difficult circumstances without judgment. That experience shaped how I show up in the therapy room to this day. I transitioned into mental health as a psychiatric technician, working directly with all age groups across inpatient and community settings; providing direct care, facilitating group therapy, and delivering individual therapy during my internship and later as a registered clinician with the California Board of Behavioral Sciences. By the time I became fully licensed, I had accumulated nearly a decade of real-world clinical experience across some of the most demanding settings in behavioral health..

Greetings, I'm Marianna Birdsong, an LCSW situated in Southern California, offering telehealth services statewide. My practice specializes in aiding adults facing anxiety, stress, and life transitions through Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Client-Centered Therapy, tailored to meet individual needs. I believe therapy should be customized for each client. I primarily employ CBT and Client-Centered Therapy but remain flexible to adapt techniques as required.

I use a client centered approach in therapy sessions. I am here to listen to your words and be understanding, I will also provide feedback as needed. You can count on a nonjudgmental, safe and confidential space. It has been a privilege to work with adults, families, and children. I look forward to joining you in discovering all that life has to offer.

Hello! My name is Brigette and I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in East Bay, California. I have 15 years experience working with clients, providing therapeutic counseling services. I have worked with a diverse population of clients ranging from children, teens, adults, and elders. I provide services for individuals and families assisting with issues such as depression, isolation, anxiety, self esteem, trauma, loss, relationship issues, parenting issues, and more. I enjoy working with individuals from all walks of life and backgrounds and I value genuineness and collaboration with my clients. I provide a safe and supportive holding environment that is authentic and nonjudgmental in nature. I tailor my specific approach depending on client situation, needs, and goals for therapy. As well as draw from theories such as CBT, Solution Focused, Family Systems, and Client Centered modalities. Growth and change are encouraged through self reflection and finding practical solutions to problems. Making a change can feel overwhelming and scary, but if you are ready to take the first step and begin the road to a new way of life, I am here to help uplift and support you! I appreciate your courage and I look forward to hearing from you!

Hi! I'm Ashley. Are you looking to gain some relief in your everyday life and create a more satisfying meaningful life experience? Are you affected by your relationships with family, friends, co-workers or yourself? In life we can hit difficult times and you may be challenged to dig deep and reflect to find the wisdom by the challenges you are facing. Ultimately these challenges can can enrich our lives and relationships if we take the time to incorporate them and understand. You don’t have to process things alone it is an honor to walk along side you and help to "digest" your experience and gain clarity in your situation.

Hi, my name is Evan. For the past 25 years, I have been helping people improve their lives. I help adults struggling with anxiety, depression, relationships, trauma from childhood or events they experienced, substance use, sexual abuse, low self-worth, people-pleasing, LGBTQ+ issues, and many other issues. I'm a Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) based in Pennsylvania. I am also a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor (LPCC) to work with people living in California.

I have almost 10 years of experience in this field of work. Most of it has been with the geriatric population within various settings, as well as with individuals challenged with a severe mental illness in forensic environments. I am very familiar with the impact of trauma on the life cycle. Additionally, I work with young adults navigating school-work-life-family balance, setting priorities, making challenging life decisions and developing self esteem and confidence while learning to maneuver life's ongoing challenges.

You don’t have to carry this alone. I’m a California-licensed therapist who supports adolescents, young adults, women, and people from diverse cultural backgrounds through stress, relationship dynamics, family conflicts, and trauma recovery. Whether you’re juggling academic pressure, caregiving, career pivots, or the weight of old wounds, I offer a steady, nonjudgmental presence. My style is warm, collaborative, and culturally responsive—I honor the identities, histories, and values that shape who you are, and I approach our work with curiosity, humility, and respect.

I am looking forward to working with you using my 20+ years of experience working in county outpatient, state/federal prisons, highest level of foster care, and with homeless individuals. Mostly, I have experience working with complex PTSD and am passionate about assisting in developing a sense of wellbeing and making the experience worth it. I have recently been certified in EMDR (Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing) therapy and enjoy introducing it to you. If you already know or are now just hearing about EMDR, it is a fascinating type of therapy.

I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with over 10 years of experience as a psychotherapist, complemented by my background as a veteran of the United States Armed Forces. My clinical training includes a Master’s in Social Work with a focus on Critical Race Theory and Intersectionality, which informs my understanding of how diverse life experiences shape individuals’ perspectives and interactions with their environments. This foundation allows me to approach therapy with cultural humility and a deep appreciation for the complexities of identity and systemic influences. In my practice, I utilize a person-centered, solution-focused approach that prioritizes client autonomy and self-determination. I collaborate closely with clients to identify their unique challenges and barriers, empowering them to develop realistic and meaningful short-term and long-term goals. Together, we explore and optimize the therapeutic tools that clients have already been using, while considering the introduction of additional strategies when appropriate. My goal is to support clients in creating actionable plans that align with their values and aspirations, fostering resilience and sustainable growth in both their present lives and future endeavors.

I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker fluent in English and Spanish. I earned a Bachelor's Degree in Social Welfare from the University of Puerto Rico and a Master's Degree in Social Work from the University of Nebraska in Omaha. I have dedicated my career empowering individuals, families, and communities. I believe in people's inherent ability to lead healthier lives and see it as the driving force behind every relationship.

Hi! I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker based in California. I received my Master’s in Clinical Social Work from the University of Southern California. I also have a Bachelor’s degree in Psychology from Cal State University Northridge. I have a extensive history with over 15 years of experience working with adults 18 and over with various mental health diagnoses. My approach to therapy is a warm, collaborative style rooted in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and strengths-based practices. I like to create a safe and supportive environment for my clients to have a place to express their thoughts and feelings.

Hi! Welcome to Grow! I am a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor & hold a Masters of Science in Counseling Psychology from Hope International University. My academic curriculum specialized in: family systems, biopsychosocial thought, psychodynamic approaches, and person centered interventions. Therapeutically, I specialize in substance abuse counseling/addiction, as I am also certified as a substance use counselor and have worked in substance abuse treatment as a residential treatment technician before becoming a therapist. Further, I specialize in working with kids & adolescents who struggle with emotional defiance/conduct disorders & developmental disabilities. Further, I have experience in dual diagnosis treatment and exploring grief/loss issues. My style to therapy comes from a Rogerian, CBT, and Humanistic approach and embracing the “entire self”. My passion in being a therapist is to see and embrace progress, meeting people where they are at, being present during “aha” moments, and serve altruistically. Outside of being a therapist, I enjoy participating in ministry work, being active in recreational sports, volunteering as a crisis counselor & hospice volunteer. Some of my past work experience has included: working in special education as a substitute teacher, in the public-school sector as a tutor/instructional assistant, and as an in-home behavior interventionist working with kids who have developmental disabilities.

Hey! I'm Kylee, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in California. I have supported many people with a wide range of challenges and needs due to anxiety, depression, trauma, SOGIE/LGBTQ+, ADHD, Autism, self-harming behaviors, suicidal thoughts, and many others. While I'm laid back, I’m also direct. My goal is to create a safe space for my clients to feel comfortable sharing.

Hi there! I'm Cindy Nguman, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) based in California, and I’m so glad you’re here. I work with clients all across the state through the convenience of Telehealth, creating a safe and supportive space, wherever you are. I specialize in supporting young adults and adults who are navigating life’s many ups and downs, whether that’s anxiety, stress, depression, dating, life transitions, identity exploration, or relationship challenges. You're not alone in what you're going through, and together, we’ll work to help you feel more grounded, confident, and understood. My style is warm, compassionate, and collaborative. I use a person-centered approach, which means I deeply value who you are and what you bring to the table. I also draw from Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Solution-Focused Therapy to help us make meaningful progress toward your goals. Reaching out is a brave first step, and I’m here to walk alongside you on your journey. 💛

My name is Shawna Reynolds, and I have been in the social work field for 20 years, and the clinical field for over 15 years now. I was drawn to social work to specifically to help provide a sense of safety, security and stability for youth and families. I bring that same sense of safety, security and stability to my Therapy Practice where using a variety of CBT and TFCBT different modalities I now help adult clients identify areas of self-improvement so that they can make positive behavioral changes in their lives to experience more positive pleasurable emotions such as excitement, happiness and a healthy self-concept.

Hi I’m a licensed professional counselor licensed in many states. I have been in the counseling field helping children and adults for more than 20 years. I help adults of all ages struggling with everyday stressors, my goal is to help you figure out and work through challenges to live life on your terms and create a healthy balance. ****Please note if you are currently or recently feeling suicidal, you will be referred to an in office provider, psychiatrist and/ likely a higher level of care, as I would only treat in severe depression and suicidality in office.******Please call 988 which is the free 24 hour crisis line, if you feel like you want to harm yourself or are feeling very overwhelmed.

Hello there, I’m Lus. Do you miss feeling like yourself? Does it feel like you are going around in circles with the same problems yet can’t seem to find a permanent solution? I guide adults from a person-centered approach to find solutions to their problems when experiencing difficulty managing emotions such as those that come with depression and anxiety. I can help you work through major life transitions (newly married, becoming a parent, empty nester, starting school, grief, becoming ill, divorce, etc.) getting to the root of the problem and developing cognitive behavioral techniques that will get you back to stability. Obtaining therapy services can be intimidating but I can guarantee you that you are making the right decision. I possess bilingual abilities (Spanish), if it's your preference. You deserve your own space to heal and evolve. During our sessions, you will have a safe space where I will meet you with empathy and evidence-based practice. Let me help you.

Justin has been working in the field of behavioral healthcare since 2014. He began his career as a mental health technician within a locked psychiatric hospital in Los Angeles, supporting two units of adolescent and adult psychiatric patients. It was this experience that solidified Justin’s passion for providing compassionate, client-centered care in the mental health, and co-occurring dual diagnosis treatment field. Justin has done extensive work providing direct client care as a facilitator of individual, group and family therapy providing crisis intervention and mental health services to youth and adults identified as at-risk in Los Angeles. Justin has served various treatment programs in Los Angeles and the Bay Area. Over the years, Justin’s roles have included Residential Counselor, Case Manager, Primary Therapist, and Program Director. Justin Cowell is a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW). An alumnus of the University of Arizona and San José State University, where he earned his Master’s degree (MSW), has experience in mental health, counseling, and community-based settings. Before joining the Grow team, Justin worked with diverse populations and adolescents. He enjoys incorporating CBT, mindfulness, and positive psychology into his sessions and is eager to bring these modalities to work with the recovery population at Grow Therapy. Born and raised in Inglewood, CA, Justin loves all LA sports teams, Lakers, Dodgers, Kings, and Rams, and loves going to games. Both personally and professionally, Justin is a proponent of self-care, having fun, and trying new things, and is excited to be a member of the Grow team.

You don’t have to struggle alone! I believe therapy should feel like a safe, supportive place to slow down, feel understood, and begin making sense of what you are carrying. Using Internal Family Systems (IFS), I help clients gently explore the parts of themselves that may feel overwhelmed, stuck, protective, or hurt. My hope is that through our work together, clients feel less alone, more self-compassionate, and more able to move through life with greater clarity and ease. In our hectic world we often find ourselves afraid to take risks that could jeopardize the stable lives we have created for ourselves. We remain in jobs, relationships and old patterns that no longer work, while symptoms such as anxiety, depression, stress, anger and self-defeating patterns keep us from making real changes to our lives. If that sounds like you, you are stuck. We can feel lost and alone when we are unable to move forward, whether in work or a personal relationship. Therapy can help you break free of that and thrive. I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with a focus on teens, adults, and couples. I have worked with clients on concerns such as anxiety, depression, trauma, and family reunification. I received my Master’s in Marriage and Family Therapy from Pepperdine University. I also minored in sociology.

I am a License marriage and family therapist I provides services to children, adolescents, adults, families, and groups. I have been helping individuals with anxiety, social difficulties, Anger management, Depression, trauma and grief. I have experience in facilitating violence prevention programs and anger management groups. I utilizes a variety of techniques and skills drawn from recognized therapeutic modalities including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Solution Focused, DBT, Psychoeducation, Play Therapy, behavior modification, mindfulness and relaxation.

My career has enabled me to work with a variety of populations in the mental health field. My work is rewarding and feels more like a calling than a job. My goal is to provide my clients support and provide a safe space for them to express themselves. I listen and I care. Together we collaborate to create an individualized treatment plan to address your specific concerns. I make myself available, I’m flexible, and I am invested in your growth.

Hello, my name is Serina Palomino. I am an LPCC (licensed professional clinical counselor), and NCC (nationally certified counselor), and I like to meet my clients where they are utilizing an integrative approach. I provide therapeutic services to children and adults experiencing anxiety, depression, ADHD, trauma, grief, divorce, and separation, primarily utilizing CBT, EMDR, art therapy, and mindfulness. My approach to therapeutic services is holistic and integrative. I provide in-depth assessments to determine therapeutic needs and identify core underlying issues contributing to client symptoms and behaviors. I integrate the qualities of a humanistic approach to establish and maintain the therapeutic alliance to support the client's successful discharge from services.