California Therapists who take Blue Shield (MHSA) Magellan

I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker fluent in English and Spanish. I earned a Bachelor's Degree in Social Welfare from the University of Puerto Rico and a Master's Degree in Social Work from the University of Nebraska in Omaha. I have dedicated my career empowering individuals, families, and communities. I believe in people's inherent ability to lead healthier lives and see it as the driving force behind every relationship.

Hello, I am a Licensed Clinical Social worker (LCSW) based in California. I would like to be of support to you. Life can be filled with challenging and painful experiences making it difficult to hold hope for a better future. I believe we all have the courage and strength to overcome these experiences. I am here to help you start building the hope to do so. Therapy can be overwhelming and yet stimulating and warm. It can lead to honest conversations that can change your outlook on your past, present and future. My goal is to create a safe space where you can work towards your needs and goals with my support. I have been a health care provider for almost 20 years. I have experience working with children, adolescents, adults, couples and families of diverse backgrounds. My clinical interests are anxiety, trauma, depression, children behavioral issues, immigration, relationship and marital issues, family issues, parenting support, motherhood and perinatal wellness.

I have a PhD in Clinical Psychology and am a licensed LMFT. I received my PhD in 1994 and have been practicing for about 30 years. I work with adult women and men, who are experiencing life transitions such as career issues and relationship problems. The goal of the therapy is to use self-awareness to bring about change, and more joy in life.

Hi, I'm Salman, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with four decades of transformative experience in California. Since earning my MSW from UC Berkeley, I've dedicated my career to empowering individuals across all life stages. My journey has led me from directing programs for at-risk youth in carceral settings to supporting marginalized families, adults, and seniors through life's most challenging moments. I specialize in nurturing children's self-discovery, equipping parents with effective skills, and helping clients of all ages manage anger, anxiety, and self-esteem issues. Whether it's crisis counseling or long-term therapy, I bring a wealth of expertise to each unique situation. My approach blends evidence-based techniques with deep empathy, fostering resilience and positive change. If you're struggling with life's challenges or seeking personal growth, I'm here to guide you towards a more fulfilling life, drawing on my extensive experience in conflict resolution, mental health support, and personal development.

I'm a clinical therapist with five years of experience working with children, families, and individuals who've faced challenging situations, such as domestic violence or family separation. My focus is on creating a safe, empathetic space where clients can explore their strengths, heal, and grow. I use a humanistic approach, meaning I’m here to support you without judgment, helping you connect with your own goals and resilience as we work together toward positive change.

I am a licensed clinical social worker licensed in Virginia. I have worked with clients with a wide range of concerns including depression, anxiety, relationship issues, parenting problems, career challenges, OCD, and ADHD. I also helped many people who have experienced physical trauma or emotional abuse. My therapy style is warm and interactive. I believe in treating anyone with respect, sensitivity, and compassion, and I don't believe in stigmatizing labels. My approach combines cognitive-behavioral, humanistic, psychodynamic and rational-emotive therapy. I will tailor our dialog and treatment plan to meet your unique and specific needs. It takes courage to seek a more fulfilling and happier life and to take the first steps towards change. If you are ready to take that step, I am here to support and empower you. I look forward to working with you!

Hello. I am a licensed psychologist with over 20 years of experience. Reaching out for treatment can be a difficult task. My approach is to meet you where you are, focus on your needs, and work with you to get to where you want to be in the future. I offer skills for coping or if you are seeking change.

My name is Arakel Aristakessian and I am a first generation American of Armenian immigrants. There is never a lack of drama in my family and I think it is important to be mindful of cultural expectations and norms when navigating conflict. In this fashion, I use an individualized approach to meet my clients' needs. My style of therapy is grounded in the person-centered approach. I practice listening with empathy to my client’s lived experiences. I remind myself that it is not my place to judge anyone for their past choices. It is my responsibility to respond honestly and respectfully. My hope is to mediate shame, so that people feel comfortable and safe in opening up about what is troubling them. Once the therapeutic space feels safe, only then can various treatment methods truly be effective.

Hi! I’m Felicia Williams, a Licensed Clinical Social Worker in California. I am grateful you’re here to see me. I am a highly compassionate, empathic social work professional dedicated to exceptional mental health services including effective treatment to diverse population including children, youth, and families struggling with persistent mental illness. I enjoy working with individuals who are also or was a part of the foster care system, anxiety, depression, Bipolar, and trauma.

Greetings, my name is Caine and I'm a Licensed Clinical Social Worker based in California. My passion and commitment is helping people share and process their past and current journey in life. With over 7 years of experience in diverse settings, I have worked with individuals experiencing depression, anxiety, stress, and trauma using a variety of approaches in guiding towards healing. In our space together you will be met with compassion and inquiry. I truly look forward to working with you!

I am a Licensed Clinical Social worker in California with a demonstrated ability to develop rapport with people from various backgrounds. As a social worker, I have had the opportunity to work in various settings from medical and psychiatric hospitals, community mental health agencies and the criminal justice system (juveniles and adults). I have also worked with individuals challenged by addiction. Through the use of interpersonal dynamics, I can support individuals in accessing various psychological parts of themselves while focusing on the past, present and future.

Hello, I’m Dr. Tony Martinez. With twenty years of experience, I am an Air Force veteran and a former professor of psychology. I primarily serve clients experiencing depression and anxiety and work extensively with couples. I believe that when clients are invested in their mental healthcare, and through careful therapeutic collaboration, they can expect to achieve positive outcomes within a relatively short timeframe.

Greetings! I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in California. I graduated from San Francisco State University with an M.S. in Counseling Psychology. I have recently been certified by the Cognitive Behavioral Institute to offer ERPT (Exposure Response Prevention Therapy for OCD). I have over 20 years of experience working with a very diverse range of folks (women, men, the LGBTQ community, those living with HIV,People of Color, those dealing with substance issues). I enjoy working with people who are seeking a caring, compassionate, understanding person who listens and offers a hand up while they battle back against depression and anxiety. I also enjoy supporting people who are struggling with OCD (Obsessive Compulsive Disorder) and employ a powerful tool (Exposure and Response Prevention Therapy) that is clinically shown to greatly reduce OCD symptoms.

Hello, I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist based in California. With a passion for supporting individuals, couples, and families to navigate the complexities of relationships and personal growth, I've dedicated my career to fostering a safe and nurturing environment where my clients can explore challenges, heal, and thrive. My approach is grounded in empathy, evidence-based practices, and a deep commitment to understanding each client's unique dynamics and strengths. Whether addressing communication issues, conflict resolution, emotional intimacy, or personal development, I aim to empower my clients to achieve greater harmony, understanding, and fulfillment in their lives and relationships.

I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist and have been a therapist dedicated to supporting diverse communities for over a decade. My theoretical orientation is evidence-based practices (ICBT) Individual Cognitive Behavioral Therapist. I have clinical experience in working with anxiety, depression, and trauma. I primarily work with adults, children, adolescents, and their families. I believe that by working together there is a hope about changing behaviors, thereby leading to desired quality of life. I provide a safe, open, and nurturing environment to process, grow, and improve your level of functioning. I am skilled in using a wide range of interventions utilizing ICBT. I strive with kindness, compassion, respect and look forward to collaborating treatment together to achieve motivation and progress.

Hi, I’m Stephanie Doran, a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor (LPC17781). I hold a Master’s degree in Counseling from Loyola Marymount University and have been practicing for 6 years. I specialize in helping clients, ages 10 to 65, with issues such as anxiety, depression, family conflicts, and substance abuse. I create customized treatment plans that are tailored to each client’s unique needs.

Hello! I am a Licensed Marriage Family Therapist practicing in California. I earned my master’s degree in clinical psychology from Antioch University – Los Angeles. I received my license in 2020, and work with adults, adolescents and seniors. At present, I meet clients in-person or virtually for couples and individual therapy. Often people seek therapy when they are going through a rough patch. We can work together to navigate, and attempt to improve the situation by applying coping strategies, reviewing options., and other techniques.

I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker with a Masters Degree in Social Work from California State University Los Angeles. I have been working in mental health for over 35 years, and as a licensed professional for 14 years. My area of expertise is mental health and supporting clients to be able to adjust and cope better with a myriad of life stressors.

My name is Heather Brown. I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker. I have been a therapist for 18 years and worked with a wide-array of clients in many walks of life. I like the curiosity of life and ways in which we can explore patterns and change and ways we can make adjustments in our lives to change future outcomes. I work for you and my job is to help you have an easier time on your journey through life and help you to meet your goals.

We all experience life's challenges, feel alone, stuck and unsure what to do sometimes. I understand, it can be scary, seeking professional help for personal issues. I also know, therapy can be deeply healing, when one can open up and take the first step towards mental well-being and self-love! My name is Janaelyn Mitchell, and I am a Marriage and Family Therapist that provides individual therapy and coaching.

Hello my name is Virginia Myricks, LMFT and my goal is to encourage, challenge and empower you to uncover your true potential and lead a life that is worth celebrating. While we can't change difficult situations, we can work together to better understand and resolve challenges in your life. I understand that every individual struggles with life challenges in their own unique way and it would be my pleasure to work with you on identifying your goals, offering treatment interventions that are best suited to your individual needs and to assist you in experiencing a more fulfilling and meaningful life.

I'm a British therapist, licensed in California. I graduated from Touro University in 2020 as a marital and family therapist. I have a background in addiction treatment, and also have particular experience with self-esteem, LGBTQ+ issues, anxiety and depression. I work with individuals and families. My aim is always to help my clients gain greater understanding of themselves and their relationships, in order to lead a happier, more fulfilling life.

I am a compassionate and dedicated therapist who specializes in working with children and families. My goal is to help them navigate challenges, strengthen relationships, and thrive in their daily lives. I take an eclectic approach to therapy, drawing from various techniques to meet each family’s unique needs. Whether addressing trauma, behavioral concerns, parenting struggles, or family dynamics, I create a supportive and collaborative space where growth and healing can happen. My passion is empowering families with the tools and understanding they need to build strong, healthy connections

Thank you for sharing information about yourself. I'm so happy that you reached out for help. I am Robert Nwanganga, a licensed therapist. I have been a Social Worker since 2003. I also need to let you know that I am more interested in finding out why a certain behavior is occurring than I am in demonizing you for exhibiting the behavior. I have worked with a diverse populations and I have learned that therapy has to be personal if it is to be effective. I am committed to working with you in finding what modality works with your personality and focus on your strength in dealing with the situation that brought you to us.

Marjorie is a Spanish language Bilingual Psychotherapist from South America and has been practicing in the USA since 2008. Marjorie graduated with both a bachelor's degree in social work and a master's degree in social work from California State University Los Angeles. Marjorie works both in her own private practice -focusing on women’s issues and minority populations - and as a Psychiatric Social Worker for a large managed care organization, helping clients with diverse psychosocial stressors or chronic mood disorders. Marjorie has extensive experience in social work, advocacy, case management and mental health services for over 15 years. Marjorie has provided psychotherapy services for adults and children from various cultural backgrounds, she’s sensitive to the linguistic needs of the clients served (Spanish/English). Areas of focus: Assessment and diagnosis formulation, treatment planning, counseling (short term specific or situational issues), psychotherapy (long term broader range for mental illness) and crisis intervention.

I have been a therapist for over 10 years and have worked with many populations, including the forensic population, both incarcerated individuals, those on felony probation as well as first responders and their families which includes spouses, adolescents, and the LGBTQ+ and BIPOC communities. I have been trained in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and enjoy working with individuals. I not only have a Masters in Clinical Counseling but also a Masters in Forensic psychology. I am also currently working on my dissertation for a Ph.D. I enjoy helping my clients process and grow and teaching them how to come to their own solutions for past and present life stressors. I enjoy adding levity to sessions when appropriate and understand the benefits of laughter. I am currently a Ph.D. Candidate, working on my dissertation to achieve a doctorate degree in Forensic Psychology. I feel that learning is a part of every stage of life and that knowledge is the power we need to drive self-improvement; and whatever that means to each individual. When I am not "therapizing" I love to cuddle the menagerie of pets we have acquired, read, play video games, and REST!!! Resting is productive, too.

Hi I'm Luis, a therapist who has been in the field for 15yrs. I've worked in various clinical setting in helping children, adults, and older adult clients develop healthy coping skills to manage emotional distress and to improve or return to their typical function. I'm looking forward to walking with you in finding your set of healthy coping skills and to reduce the impact of symptoms on your function.

I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist located in the state of California. I received my Master's Degree from Antioch University Los Angeles and have been practicing for 18 years. Working together, I help adults work to find solutions to ongoing issues causing anxiety, sadness and loneliness in their lives so they may become the best version of themselves.

Hi! My name is Ana Maria Di Sarli. I received my master's degree in social work from California State University of Long Beach. I have been practicing social work for the last 17 years. I have worked with adults going through depression and anxiety by providing support and discussing coping skills that can help them improve their mood, relationships and quality of life.

As a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist with 25 years of counseling experience, I am dedicated to helping clients overcome their present adversities and achieve a more peaceful, fulfilled future. My goal is to provide a supportive and compassionate space for individuals and couples to work through life's challenges. I utilize various therapeutic modalities to tailor my approach to each client's unique needs. These include Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Solution-Focused Therapy, Supportive Therapy, and Psychodynamic Therapy. I also offer Christian-based counseling for those seeking to integrate their faith into the therapeutic process.

Greetings! I'm a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT) based in California. I received my Masters from California State University Dominguez Hills. I believe in one being and operating in their authentic self as well as meeting an individual where they are at emotionally, spiritually and or running on empty. I assist adults struggling with anxiety, depression and life transitions become their authentic self.

I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist in the states of Arizona and Indiana. I received a bachelor’s degree in Psychology from Purdue University and a master’s degree in Marriage and Family Therapy from Christian Theological Seminary. I have had the opportunity to work in and gain knowledge from a diverse collection of settings that include elementary, middle and high school, hospital chaplaincy department, private practice and private agencies working with families in the child welfare system. Each of these settings has provided me with hands-on experience working with individuals and families in crisis, as well as those who are faced with navigating some of life’s challenges such as divorce, loss, and addiction. As a Marriage and Family Therapist, I love a systems approach, understanding that we do not exist in a vacuum, but rather are part of larger systems. I take a non-judgmental, warm approach to therapy and I believe in tailoring my therapy towards my client's individual needs. Together we will establish goals and design a path towards a healthier way of being. I draw from a multitude of therapeutic techniques that include Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Solutions Focused Therapy. Clients who work with me have a desire to change. Whether facing everyday challenges that are holding them back from living a fulfilling life or struggling with family dynamics that have caused distress or trying to navigate through grief, my clients can learn to use their insight to find new ways of functioning that better serve what they want from this life. My clients can see a future for themselves that brings peace, happiness and healing. The first step towards seeking help is often the most difficult. I am excited that you are here and look forward to taking this journey alongside you.

I'm here to help people who otherwise wouldn't be able to pay out of pocket have an opportunity to meet with a doctoral-level therapist who is highly trained in couples, family, and individual therapy. But aside from that, I'm a therapist of Color, Asian-American, in an interracial marriage of 20 years, and with four children. I'm available virtually and in-person.

Hi, my name is Kristin I am a LCSW licensed by the state of California. I received master’s degree in social work from California State University Long Beach in 2012. I have a wealth of experience as a psychotherapist working for the state of California in various clinical social work roles. I specialize in crisis and trauma with experience working in crisis stabilization units. I have also been a 5150 designated person by way of Los Angeles County, and I am a EMDR trained Therapist. I am also a medical social worker, with experience working in hospice and dialysis. I am now a trauma informed therapist to assist clients in the healing process and move clients from victim to victory. I believe clients who are living with past trauma, and heavy emotions need support. I am especially helpful at helping my clients find the ground when everything feels out of control. I am ready, willing and able to support your confidence about ways to handle the turmoil that life brings.

I’m Maria J Gonzales, Bilingual therapist (English and Spanish). Reflecting on your life takes courage and bravery. Seeking help can be scary and confusing, but it's an important step towards improvement. I create a safe and welcoming environment that allows clients to explore obstacles with concerns related to anxiety, depression, grief, trauma, life stressors and/or self-care. I focus on helping clients develop assertive communication & boundaries with themselves and those around them that can help improve their quality of life. Counseling can foster personal development in whatever way you may be seeking and help build the life you so deeply deserve. When you are ready to share, I am available.

Hi, my name is Vanesha but you can call me Vee for short. I am a licensed therapist based in California, and I have 10 years of experience providing compassionate care to diverse communities. I work closely with LGBTQ+ populations and provide recommendation letters for gender-affirming care. I draw from principles of trauma-informed care, cognitive behavioral therapy, dialectical behavioral therapy, and attachment theory to promote healing and wellness.

Hi, I'm Ulysees, or simply "UC"! I am a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor (LPCC) in CA, and Licensed Professional Counselor (LPC) in TX. I am currently based in TX, and work with all clients via telehealth. I specialize in anxiety, depression, grief, and trauma to name a few. I tend to be solution focused and will utilize a combination of approaches to work with you while trying to resolve various situations. Life experiences and my desire to help others is a primary factor behind becoming a therapist. I am registered with the CA Board of Behavioral Science (CA BBS) and Texas Behavioral Health Executive Counsel (TBHEC).

Hello! I am a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT) who has been working with individuals, couples and families for twenty three years. I use interventions based on cognitive behavioral techniques to help you reach your goals and overcome patterns of behavior that are not working well for you. I believe you are the expert in your own life and strive to work with you to understand and move forward toward your goals.

My name is Susan Madson, I am a LCSW. I specialize in depression, anxiety, anger issues, identifying coping skills, build relationship skills, identify client strengths, increase self care tools, build self esteem, teach meditations skills, grounding, breathing exercises, and relaxation techniques. I help to reduce trauma symptoms by helping clients to learn self regulation skills. I encourage client to participate in homework assignments to build skills to stabilize a clients emotional and behavioral functioning. Further, specialties include addiction issues, grief work and couples therapy. My most common therapy techniques that I use first is client centered therapy approach. I start where the client is most comfortable and work on building a safe environment for the client. My first goal is to build a therapeutic relationship with my client. Then my goal is to work with strength based, cognitive behavioral therapy, DBT, solutions focused, interpersonal therapy, narrative therapy, and mindfulness therapy techniques. I use an eclectic approach as each client is different and has different needs. My goal is to help the client's to identify the fact that sometimes therapy is identifying the small steps that client is making towards their treatment goals.

Hi there, I am Hasya. I am a licensed therapist and I help people heal from trauma, resolve relationship issues and live balanced and healthy lives. If you are experiencing stress, anxiety and depression and suffer from low self esteem you are in the right place. I am here to help. Adverse childhood experiences can greatly impact our nervous system, relationships and sense of self. Therapy can help address those underlying issues and help you better cope. I would love to be your guide on this journey. It can be scary to take that first step but you are worth it! Give me a call and lets work together on creating the life you deserve. You can also visit my website for more in depth information about me and therapy. Find me at mywestcoasttherapy.com

Hello! I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT) based in California with 8 years of experience seeing clients from various backgrounds. I received my Master's from Argosy University in Orange, CA. I help clients recognize their strengths, develop positive thinking patterns, and assist them in moving through life's obstacles. Everyone is an expert in their own life, but sometimes, we all need a little reminder that we can find solutions to existing issues.

Do you feel stuck? Ever feel like your past is a ghost haunting your present? Struggling with relationships, battling self-hatred, or constant self-criticism? You want peace, self-acceptance, and healthier connections but trauma keeps pulling you back? When you go through something really tough, your mind can get stuck on negative thoughts and beliefs about yourself and the world. Therapy can help you identify and challenge these thoughts, so they don't control your life. Imagine breaking free, understanding yourself better, and finally moving forward with confidence. That’s what you truly deserve. I am a Stanford-trained and educated clinical psychologist with over 15 years of experience. With a compassionate approach, I help people identify and challenge these thoughts, so they don't control your life. By working through these patterns, you can start to feel less overwhelmed and more in control, making it easier to move forward and heal. I understand how tough it can be. With all the confusing advice floating around, it's easy to feel like hope is slipping away. But it's not. Reach out to me today, and let's dive into a world of science-backed tools together. We'll craft a plan that's not just doable, but approachable, and most importantly, leads to tangible improvements in your life.

Hello, I am licensed in California, Illinois, and Missouri. I have experience in helping teens, adults, couples, families, veterans, and military personnel with stress and anxiety, addictions, trauma and abuse, & coping with grief and loss. I work with my clients to create an open and safe environment where thoughts and feelings can be shared without fear of shame, blame, or judgment. You are encouraged to take the first step to seek a more fulfilling and happier life, it takes courage. I am here to support you in that process. Professional experience and additional areas of focus: Adoption and Foster Care, Cancer, Caregiver Issues and Stress, Communication Problems, Control Issues, Drug and Alcohol Addiction, Family Problems, Forgiveness, Hospice and End of Life Counseling, Impulsivity, Men's Issues, Military and Veterans Issues, Mood Disorders, Multicultural Concerns, Panic Disorder and Panic Attacks, Post-traumatic Stress, Self-Harm, Sexual Assault and Abuse, Sexuality, Young Adult Issues Clinical approaches: Client-Centered Therapy, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Mindfulness Therapy, Motivational Interviewing, Solution-Focused Therapy, Trauma-Focused Therapy

Frederick Young, LCSW, is a skilled mental health professional known for his eclectic and client-centered approach to therapy. With extensive experience in the field, he employs a variety of therapeutic techniques tailored to meet the unique needs of his clients. Young’s practice is marked by a deep understanding of the complexities of trauma, anger management, and adolescent issues. In working with trauma and PTSD, Young utilizes evidence-based methods such as Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Client Centered Therapy. He focuses on creating a safe and supportive environment for clients to process their experiences, challenging distorted beliefs, and developing effective coping strategies. His approach is designed to help clients achieve stability and integrate their traumatic experiences into their broader life narrative.

My name is Jacqueline Aguilar and I am an LCSW located in Southern CA. I currently work in mental health and in the medical field with adults of all ages. I am a great fit for individuals seeking support with phobias, managing anxiety, depression, life adjustments, such as breaks ups, burn out, self esteem and chronic health. I also like helping patients who need support with OCD. I am certified in CBT and received training in Exposure and Response Therapy. I am also trained in other modalities such as Motivational Interviewing, IPT and Seeking Safety. My goal is to always be supportive, understandig and empathetic in each session. Let's work together and create the version of yourself you aspire to be. I look forward to meeting you!

I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist dedicated to supporting individuals and families on their journey toward emotional well-being. With a holistic approach, I integrate various therapeutic modalities, including Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), and somatic techniques, to address a range of mental health challenges. My goal is to create a safe and compassionate space where clients can explore their thoughts and feelings, develop coping strategies, and reconnect with their values to lead more fulfilling lives.

“First time" seeking help? Feeling sad, shaky, irritable, stressed out? Constantly worrying? Do you feel the need to "work" on yourself? My name is Shawn Hackett. I am a licensed clinical social worker with 19 plus years of providing mental health services. I specialize in working with women as they struggle with anxiety, depression, life stress, self-esteem issues, and life transitions.

I was inspired to become a therapist as a young child, with the value of wanting to help others. I realized I wanted to help people believe in themselves and to see their own possibilities. Validation is one of the most important tools I value as a therapist and as a person. I teach clients to self validate, to know what you experienced is true and real. I value the process of creating this safe space where one can see themselves just as they are. I ask for feedback to see if how I respond through validation fits for the client, if they felt heard and validated.

As a person with autism and adhd I never missed an opportunity to remind an authority figure about free will. I am not here to tell anyone who they are or what they “should” do. I am here to help you get to know who you are, what you want to do, and how to get out of your own way. In short, I help people explore whether their intentions are consciously aligned with their actions.

Hello, my name is Megan Lawrence-Ferreira, and I am a Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT) based in California. I earned my Master's in Counseling Psychology from the University of San Francisco and have been practicing for 8 years. Throughout my career, I have had the privilege of working with diverse clients, and I am passionate about supporting individuals, couples, and families as they navigate life’s challenges and transitions.