50+ therapists in Ohio matching your needs

As a trauma therapist with years of experience, I am deeply invested in each client's healing journey. I pride myself on being personable and approachable, creating a safe and supportive environment for you. My extensive experience and confidence in my therapeutic skills allow me to effectively guide you through the process of understanding and overcoming trauma. I am committed to your well-being and dedicated to helping you achieve lasting change and resilience.

Hey there! I'm Katrina, a compassionate and experienced therapist dedicated to helping individuals, couples, and families navigate life's challenges. With a diverse range of therapeutic approaches, including Christian therapy, compassion-focused therapy, and CBT, I create personalized treatment plans to empower clients in achieving their mental health goals. My mission is to provide a safe and supportive space where clients can experience growth, healing, and transformation.

Are you feeling uncomfortable and anxious about a relationship problem, work problem or just dealing with the demands of your life. Are you at a point where you have a growing concern about the impact of your anxiety, critical self talk , or depression on your life? Together we can identify what you can do to get unstuck and move forward. In your meetings with me my goal is for you to feel safe and secure. Feeling understood and becoming empowered are the first steps to becoming healthier and tackling your problems. We will work as partners to identify what needs to be different in your life and then to find ways to make this happen. Being overwhelmed with anxiety and stress are a difficult space to be in. In our meetings I want you to feel understood and together we can find ways for you to tap into solutions for yourself. Making changes in how you see and think about yourself and your situation can unlock new and surprising solutions for you.

My name is Crystal Cooper and I am a Child, Youth and Family Therapist. I am licensed as a LMSW in the state of Texas and a LISW and CDCA in the state of Ohio. I obtained my Bachelors of Arts in Psychology at Kent State University in Kent, Ohio and I then went on to obtained my Masters of Social Work at Cleveland State University in Cleveland, Ohio. I specialize in working with PTSD, Depression, Anxiety, Adjustment Disorder,  Oppositional Deviant Disorder, school concerns, aggressive behavioral issues, and emotional regulation. By providing psychoeducation, skills and psychotherapy to patients struggling with mental illness, emotional disturbance and behavior issues I am able to help empower them to become the best version of themselves. I am experienced in providing individual, group, family therapy, crisis intervention, psychoeducation and collaborative care in the home, community, and the education environment. I utilize TF-CBT, motivational interviewing, person-centered, solution-focused, and mindfulness treatment modalities to build a safe and therapeutic relationship, incorporating parents along the way to produce the best possible outcomes to maintain thought, emotional and behavioral changes. Time has no measure, and I value the opportunity and responsibility of making an impact in the lives of others.

Hi. My name is Erv. I specialize in men's issues, but have helped both men and women find happiness and overcome depression, anxiety, and addiction. I have spent most of the last decade working in the addiction treatment industry, helping people explore their strengths and learn coping skills to deal with life. I believe that the most important part of therapy is making clients feel understood, heard, and welcomed.

I am a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor with an MA in counseling and art therapy from Ursuline College. I specialize in working with clients in BIPOC and LGBTQ+ communities utilizing ACT and Brainspotting. I enjoy engaging clients in various activities in session and work from an approach that is holistic and inclusive.

Samantha Fooce has been working in the human services field since 1999. Her first position as an unlicensed (paraprofessional) “Crisis Counselor” was working midnight shift in 1999-2001 at Pathways Inc’s Crisis Center in Ashland, Ky. Since that time, she has had experience working as a Child Protective Services Case Manager, Crime Victim’s Advocate, Therapeutic Program Worker, School-Based Counselor, Chemical Dependency Counselor and as a Clinical Director prior to opening her own office in 2019. She received her first license in counseling in 2007 in the state of Ohio and later became licensed in WV. It is likely that she has had the experience to understand the situations you are going through.

Welcome to Grow! My name is Jake and I am a licensed independent social worker. First and foremost, I want to commend you for taking the first step in exploring bettering your mental health. The first step is often the hardest, but I assure you it will be worth it! My goal is to create an environment you feel safe and supported in, in order to explore everything that is going on in your life and what you would like to see change. From there, we will partner to create a plan that we will work together and regularly assess our progress.

Hi, I am a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor with over 23 years of experience in a community-based setting. I have 1-2 years experience in a private practice setting and my scope of practice includes expertise in depression anxiety trauma family conflict and ADHD. It also includes expertise in couples counseling, grief and loss, forgiveness therapy, acceptance and commitment therapy, and mindfulness relaxation and guided imagery.

Hi! I’m a Licensed Mental Health Counselor (LMHC) in Florida. I received my Maters from Capella University and have been practicing for several years. I support and assist clients who want to make a positive difference in their lives by drawing on my clinical experience, compassion, and empathy. I create a safe, supportive, and nonjudgmental environment for my clients to listen and develop skills to effectively manage symptoms in order to improve everyday functioning.

Many people turn to psychotherapy or counseling for help with anxiety, depression, trauma, painful relationship patterns, feeling stuck, or sometimes just the feeling that something is missing from life. Sometimes we may not have the words to describe our feelings, struggles, or suffering. However, with insight into past relationships and experiences, many people can make progress immediately toward overcoming these difficulties and becoming more effective in their work and relationships. I am a licensed clinician with 20 years of experience helping individuals achieve a more fulfilling life.

Hello, my name is Marcie Williams. I am a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor and the founder of Affirming Autism, LLC. I have more than 5 years of experience helping clients with a variety of mental health issues ranging from situational stress to severe mental illness. I have worked extensively with clients who struggle with addiction both one-on-one and in groups. Having firsthand experience parenting autism, I have a particular interest in serving the autism community and have spent considerable time educating myself on the current issues affecting this population and their caregivers.

I am a Northeast Ohio psychotherapist committed to helping individuals, couples and families to heal and offer support for past traumatic experiences, hurt, and uncover/ resolve underlying issues. I help clients to build healthier relationships with themselves and others . My work focuses on targeting behavioral habits, thinking patterns and beliefs that make life more difficult and challenging. I am excited to empower clients to build the life and relationships they want and deserve. I believe in taking a collaborative cognitive, dialectical, behavioral, and systemic approach to helping clients to build healthier patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving, improve self-assurance and confidence annd achieve their goals. I’m passionate about transforming mindsets, building self-awareness and improving relationships.

Hello! I’m so grateful you have started your journey toward mental health. My name is Paige and I’m a Licensed Clinical Social Worker who is passionate about working with folks to support them through life’s (sometimes many) stressors. Embarking on the journey of self-discovery and healing is a courageous step, and I'm here to offer compassionate support along the way. As a therapist, my approach is rooted in creating a safe and non-judgmental space for you to explore your thoughts, emotions, and experiences. Together, we will work collaboratively to navigate challenges, identify strengths, and cultivate resilience. Whether you're seeking guidance for anxiety, depression, life transitions, or relationship issues, I am committed to fostering a therapeutic alliance that empowers you to embrace positive change and enhance your overall well-being. Your unique journey matters, and I look forward to being a trusted companion on your path to growth and self-discovery. **I do not provide documentation or prescriptions for Emotional Support Animals (ESA)**

Hi! My name is Suzanne McKain and I am a Licensed Independent Social Worker. As a therapist, I bring my personality into my work with humor, validation, curiosity and warmth. I received my Master's degree from the University of Cincinnati. I specialize in working with adults with anxiety, depression, PTSD, borderline personality disorder and relationship issues. I have training in ACT (Acceptance and Commitment Therapy), CBT (Cognitive Behavioral Therapy), DBT (Dialectical Behavioral Therapy) and IPT (Interpersonal Psychotherapy). I take a collaborative and goal oriented approach that balances both acceptance and change. I use evidenced-based therapies and education to help support to you in your goals. I work to build a strong therapeutic relationship and believe that relationship, along with the effort you put into therapy, are the two biggest factors in the effectiveness of therapy.

I am an LISW-S based in Ohio, bringing over 4 years of experience to my practice. I earned my master in social work from The Ohio State University, and I am deeply committed to supporting individuals on their unique journeys. I specialize in working with neurodivergence, LGBTQ+ issues, women's concerns, and young adults, my goal is to create a safe and affirming space where individuals can explore their experiences and embrace their true identities. I am dedicated to helping you realize your full potential, empowering you to lead a more balanced, fulfilling life, free from the constraints of anxiety, trauma, or societal pressures.

Hi! I am Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor (LPCC), Licensed Social Worker (LSW), and Licensed Chemical Dependency Counselor (LCDC III) based in Ohio. I received my Master from Walden University in Minneapolis and have been practicing for 13 years. I want to help adults find a more lasting solution beyond their immediate mental health concerns. I understand that pain in life is unavoidable and as your therapist, I want to help you work toward a healing solution and bring out the best in you.

I am a mental health counselor with over 20 years of experience in the field. I've dedicated my career to helping individuals overcome various mental health challenges, including trauma, anxiety, depression, and life stressors. My approach is all about creating a safe and supportive environment where clients can openly express themselves without judgment. Through a combination of evidence-based therapies and personalized strategies, I work with my clients to empower them to navigate their emotions and build resilience. I firmly believe that mental health is just as important as physical health, and I'm passionate about breaking the stigma surrounding it. Let's work together to overcome obstacles, unlock your full potential and live a fulfilling life!

I have my bachelors degree from Illinois State University and my masters degree from The Ohio State University. I am an Licensed Independent Social Worker (LISW-S) and have worked in the children services field for over 20 years. I help strengthen individuals and families and strongly believe that someone's past does not define their future. I use motivational interviewing and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) to help individuals address thinking errors and learn different techniques to work through their past.

Is anxiety or depression keeping you from living the life you want? Are you struggling in your relationships? Would you like to communicate more effectively? Do you isolate or avoid situations because of low self-esteem or self-confidence? Is a past trauma haunting and limiting you? Is an addiction interfering with your well-being or relationships? You and I can work together to bring about change: anxiety and depression can be managed effectively. Trauma can be resolved. Addictions can be broken. Life can be better and relationships more fulfilling. With support and guidance, you can build the life you want. I have extensive experience in the fields of mental health and addictions, working with individuals seeking change and the loved ones who want to support them.

Hi! I am a licensed clinical social worker and therapist (LICSW) with 35 years of professional work experience based in West Virginia. I received my Masters degree at the University of Pittsburgh, and I have been practicing for thirty-five years. I have experience in helping clients with a myriad of issues, but especially stress and anxiety, relationship issues, trauma and abuse, & anger management, anxiety disorders, depression, PTSD, as well as clients with substance use disorders. I believe that you are the expert of your story and that you have many strengths that will assist you in overcoming things that challenge you. Taking the first step to sign up for therapy can take courage and I am proud of you for getting started!

I’m so excited to connect with you! My name is Erica Richley-Duda. I’m a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in Ohio. I’ve been a practicing clinician for 20 years. I’ve worked with children, adolescents, and adults. I have extensive experience working with school issues and parenting issues. I’ve also worked with couples issues. In my free-time, I love spending time outdoors and walking my dog, Noble! I’ve authored two books - “Unmasking ADHD: Navigating the Neurodivergent Mind” and “Unlocking Trauma: Creating Trauma-Informed Environments and Transforming School Discipline.”

I'm a licensed mental health and substance use counselor. I have been practicing for the last 11 years in different settings with a wide variety of clients, including those struggling with mood disorders, depression, anxiety, trauma, life transitions, imposter syndrome, issues of self-esteem, and more. In my practice, I meet you where you are and together, we figure out what you want to see change in your life: perhaps it is moving on from a relationship with more understanding and grace or having a better range of skills to cope with life's ups and downs.

Hi! My name is Raven-Symone Moten and I am a Licensed Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) located in Ohio. I earned my Master's in Social Work from Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis. I have 14 years of experience in the field of social work, working with various populations. My clients would describe me as a good listener, compassionate, and attentive. I help clients who are struggling with life challenges find their way, without feeling alone. I believe no one should have to go through difficult times alone.

Hello, I am a therapist who holds a license in clinical social work (LCSW) in Indiana. I received my Masters of Social Work (MSW) degree from Indiana University and my Masters in Clinical Bioethics from Loyola University in Chicago. I have been practicing for 23 years. I enjoy working together with individuals to help them become their best selves.

Hello! I am a Licensed Independent Clinic Social Worker- Supervisor. I received my doctorate in education, a masters in social work, and a bachelors in criminal justice. I have an extensive background in mental health and substance use. I love the work that I do. I am dedicated to supporting individuals and families with learning what mental health is and how this understanding is an important factor in living your best life.

Hello, I'm Nicole. Do you feel overwhelmed, pushing others away though lonelier than ever, constantly in survival mode, beating yourself up, missing your old self, or trying harder but still feeling worse? I empower you to renew confidence, heal your true self, and gain effective coping skills to thrive in life instead of simply survive. I integrate trauma interventions, changing negative beliefs, spirituality as preferred, and teaching effective coping skills to feel your best. Seeking therapy can be scary but I am here to help you grow to your healthiest self. You have found the safe place to be yourself and feel the acceptance you deserve. I'll meet you with compassion and evidence based interventions to overcome barriers to your true self. I look forward to working with you.

Hello! I am Dr. Nikkita Jackson, an experienced clinician licensed in Ohio with years of dedicated clinical experience, I am eager to build a meaningful and supportive relationship with new clients to guide them on their path to well-being. As a young child, I always desired to help others which sparked my desire to become a social worker/clinician. I obtained my bachelors, masters, and doctorate in social work and I am an independently licensed social worker in the state of Ohio. My approach is to meet clients where they are, and to empower them to make the necessary changes needed to live a wholesome life. My goal is to empower you and to support you on your journey and to remind you that you can make it against the odds. Those odds are any obstacles or situations that may hinder your progress. In my practice, I embrace a comprehensive approach that customizes methods to fit the unique needs of my clients. To name a few, I use methods such as: trauma informed care, reality therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, solution focused therapy, strengths based therapy, dialectical behavioral therapy, and family conflict resolution. I understand that taking this step to seek therapy and to ask for help can bring about mixed emotions. I am here to support you on this path and to take those steps with you as you transition to your best self. Beyond sessions, I enjoy singing, preparing vegan meals, spending time with my love ones, and reading.

Dawn Jones-Wilson is a licensed professional counselor who strongly believes that growth is crucial to her clients' success. Dawn earned a Master of Education in Counseling and Human Development with a focus on mental health counseling from Lindsey Wilson College. Over the past 12 years, she has provided counseling services to diverse populations in a variety of settings.  Dawn is passionate about helping people find the courage to pursue their goals and reach their full potential. In order to be the best therapist she can be, she is dedicated to continuously growing.

I am career Clinical Psychotherapist devoted to aiding individuals, couples, adults. teens, families, and veterans suffering emotional stress and mental health issues. My priorities focus on persons experiencing anxiety, mood disorders, relationship and communication problems, grief and trauma recovery. I am committed to illustrating how the vital quality of resilience can be acquired through learned coping skills and accurate self=perception. Activating improvement plans, achieving goals, and building confidence are the center of my person-centered counseling.

I am Tammy, a professional clinical counselor-supervisor licensed in Ohio with over 20 years of experience working in helping professions. I started working remotely about three ago and it has been a true pleasure to be able to inspire others and create a safe place for those on a positive journey to inspire a new outlook about themselves. I value helping clients learn skills that they can implement in all facets of life for improved functioning.

I earned my doctorate and post-graduate master's degrees in psychology and my master's degree in counseling from the University of Hawai'i at Manoa. Professionally, I retired from the United States Air Force as a senior non-commissioned officer, and since retiring, have worked in several different behavioral health settings. In addition to my private practice, I am a graduate-level adjunct professor of counseling psychology.

Being at peace in the world as we face life's stresses and difficulties. This is the place I hope to bring my clients. Life is a challenge - one finds sadness and joy; darkness and light; despair and hope. We can learn how to face all of these experiences, accepting both the consolation and the trials inherent in each. I can help clients navigate this great journey, as they build the habits needed to bring fullness of life. I hold a Master's degree in Social Work from Portland State University and have practiced in the areas of adults, children & families, couples, and geriatrics for nearly 20 years. I focus on working with adults experiencing depression, anxiety, & grief. I have substantial experience working with binge-eating disorder, geriatrics, substance use, sexual abuse, child abuse, domestic violence, and suicide. I developed my clinical experience at Vitas Healthcare (hospice), the Seminole Tribe of Florida, and other agencies both in the United States and the United Kingdom.

Hello! I'm Renee Craft a dedicated Independent Clinical Social Worker, ready to embark on a transformative journey with you! Has life thrown you a curveball? If so, reaching out is the first step toward cultivating resilience. Know that you have an unwavering ally in me, someone committed to helping you bounce back, grow stronger, and thrive! I've always seen resilience as a superpower waiting to be unleashed. My role? To be your resilience therapist, guiding you through the twists and turns of life's adventures. Together, we'll transform adversity into your stepping stones to greatness!! My commitment to learning never stops as I stay ahead of the curve with the latest resilience strategies and research.

I have a decade of experience focusing on children, adolescents, adults, women, men focusing on depression, anxiety, work life balance, sexual health, sexual addictions, grief and loss, life transitions, domestic violence, eating disorders, abuse against children, relationship health, marriage counseling, pre-marriage counseling, trans gender issues and court mandated therapy services. THIS WORK is my life’s passion and it is a honor to be in this profession. I graduated summa cum laude from the University of Michigan with a degree in Interpersonal Practice and it is my life’s work to help you get to a place you want to be. I provide a safe, nurturing, and non-judgmental environment to help you overcome your past struggles and present barriers. I will guide you to help yourself to master the tools necessary to effectively navigate through the complexities of life with a new set lenses in order to help you reach your full potential.

Are you tired of being judged for not doing things the “normal” way? Has the world attempted to dim your light? Have you listened to lies of others and yourself that has led you down a path of shame and guilt? If you are looking for a space that is fun, nonjudgmental, the ability to be yourself then come see me as I take pride in being apart of others’ journey. I wont lie and say that change is easy, change is messy, but I am willing to be messy with you.

As a PTSD survivor and a bereaved mother, I understand both personally and professionally the connection between positive, validating support and the healing process. Building a rapport and therapeutic alliance is the most important part of all counseling relationships. I have extensive training and experience in the areas of trauma and grief techniques and I will use an emotionally safe, non judgmental approach to guide you on your journey towards healing.

Hello, I am a licensed Clinical Social worker and graduated with my master's degree in 2016 from Youngstown State University. I have experience in working with both children and adults. I have been practicing for over 9 years, working with individuals to address and improve their mental wellness. My passion is building a strong therapeutic relationship with my clients to begin working towards treatment goals that will develop into lasting change. I work with clients utilizing a blend of cognitive behavioral therapy, mindfulness, motivational interviewing, supportive and solution focused therapy, to help individuals along their journey.

Hello, I'm Nicole. Are you struggling to balance the many different areas in your life? Do you feel overwhelmed and discouraged? Are hardships having a negative impact on your life and wellbeing? I help adults manage everyday stressors, life struggles, and increasing mental health symptoms. Together we can identify, process, and problem solve in order to get you back to a balanced, healthy life. We will use solution focused and client centered approaches to individualize treatment to your specific needs. Whether it be relationship issues, self-doubt, overwhelming stress, or increasing mental health symptoms that you're struggling to manage, I am here to help. Seeking help can be hard, but it is worth it! I will meet you with empathy, understanding, and support, in a judgement free safe space. Let's work together!

Hello! I am a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor (LPCC) in Ohio. I have over 7 years of counseling experience. Most of my experience is in private practice, and I also have experience providing counseling to adults with developmental disabilities. I have a special interest in women’s issues and life transitions. I look forward to helping you on your journey of growth and discovery.

I’ve worked as an Ohio licensed counselor since 2014. I began working in community mental health in 2012 on a Crisis Stabilization Unit where I received experience in a variety of departments including Prescreening, Emergency Services, Crisis Stabilization, and individual behavioral health counseling. I also have experience facilitating group therapy in the areas of Co-Occurring Disorders and Motivational Interviewing.

I am an Ohio based mental health therapist with 14 years of professional work experience. I currently hold an LPCC-S license in the state of Ohio and have worked in a variety of mental health settings including school based, home based, community based, residential, and private practice and have specialized in treating survivors of human trafficking for the last 7 years. I have experience in helping clients with stress and anxiety, trauma and abuse, depression, sexual based traumas, relationship issues, transitions into adulthood or parenting, personality disorders, codependency, self-harm and suicidal thoughts, and non-traditional relationship dynamics.

I am a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor in the State of Ohio. My passion is to engage with clients who are actively seeking to recover from traumatic events or experiences, who may need guidance navigating life transitions, or who simply want help managing the struggles and challenges of daily life. Together we will explore your unique situation and you will learn: New coping skills you can apply to help you manage life How to increase your sense of self-worth To view your past and present life in a healthier, more positive manner How to move through your world with greater self-confidence In every person's life, there are moments where we need wisdom, an attentive ear, or an empathetic partner with whom we can process our deepest thoughts. Sometimes, we need the help of that partner to reach those thoughts and bring them into the light to be dealt with. I urge you, if you are reading this, don't wait any longer. You do not have to struggle with your thoughts alone. Reach out. Connect with me. Together we will find the person that is within you; the remarkable, unique, strong person you want to be.

Hi, I'm Natalie, Do you feel tired of not being heard, or are afraid, anxious, depressed no desire to stand up and advocate for yourself Do you feel lost, with no direction, or in the wrong direction, lacking purpose? Let me help you find your compass so that you can navigate life's present challenges with hope, peace and clarity! I provide holistic, integrative counseling and believe that the mind, body and soul are all connected. I provide a safe and inviting space where you can be you, free to explore your feelings and behaviors past and present without fear of judgment. I will tailor your sessions to address your needs, bringing in your faith if you choose, and integrating it with Mental Health Therapies. I provide services to men and women ages 18 and over, that struggle with depression, anxiety, ADHD, trauma, abuse, divorce, adjustment, phase of life, chronic pain, work, communication, relationship, family, school, lack of motivation, church, self-esteem and connection. I look forward to taking this journey with you!

Hi, I'm Heather and am dually licensed as a mental health and chemical addiction counselor. My role is to support you, listen to you, and work with you to help you achieve your goals. Our sessions will be a collaborative journey, where we explore your thoughts and feelings together, at a pace that feels right to you. While you are the driving force of the our work together, I will encourage and challenge you to keep making progress.

Hi there! I am a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor (LPCC) in the state of OH. I received my Masters in Mental Health Counseling at Franciscan University in 1998 and have over 25 years of experience working with clients who have struggles with issues such as depression, anxiety, anger, PTSD, grief, and relationships problems just to name a few. My hope is to guide all of my clients in making positive lifelong changes in their lives.

Congratulations on taking the first step to wellness! Hi, my name is Tracey and I am a clinically licensed therapist with over 20 years of experience supporting, educating, and assisting people like you who want to make some positive changes in their lives. I provide a safe and nonjudgemental space for you to identify what's not working in your life and causing you to feel unwell. Using a whole self approach and addressing the issues that are most relevant to you, I use tools and strategies that will lead to positive changes and wellness. Whether you are experiencing a life challenge, having issues with relationships, or struggling with feeling well emotionally, I look forward to the opportunity to help you discover new ways to improve, heal, and grow. Thank you for considering sharing your journey with me. I look forward to meeting you.

Hi! I'm a Clinical Social Worker (LCSW) licensed in Ohio and Georgia. I received my Masters from Case Western Reserve University in Ohio and have worked in the mental health field for over 20 years. I currently treat the mental health needs of adults struggling with any combination of the following: anxiety, depression, adjustments/life transitions, grief/loss and trauma to help them as they find healing and wellness.

If you are struggling with anxiety, depression, and/or eating issues, I would love to help you! I am a Licensed Independent Social Worker in Ohio with 20 years of experience in the field of mental health. For many of those years, I worked in a community mental health setting and developed an expertise in helping people with anxiety and depression. I also have a health coaching background and have spent the last several years helping women with various eating and weight issues, such as emotional eating and overeating. I provide a warm and non judgemental environment in which you can feel safe to explore these sensitive issues. I use a combination of evidence based approaches to help you develop new skills and coping strategies so that you can feel a sense of control and confidence. It IS possible to change and to build the life you so deeply deserve. If that’s what you’re looking for, I’m here!

Hi, I am a licensed Professional Clinical Counselor. I completed my master's degree through Grand Canyon University. I have been practicing for 7 years. I work with children aged 5 and up, teens, families and individuals. I work a lot with mood disorders and trauma and also with people who might need help dealing with stress or relationships. I am also comfortable working with people with a history of chronic mental illness.